1. STAAR Ladder to Success Rung 5

2. Polarity – The oxygen atom is bigger than the hydrogen atoms, the electrons spend more time around the oxygen. This creates a slight charge on each end of the water molecule.

3. Hydrogen Bonding The force of attraction between the hydrogen atom of one water molecule to the oxygen atom of another water molecule Easily done because of water’s bent shape- allowing the hydrogen to bond.

4. How does the structure of water relate to its nickname, “ the universal solvent”? A.It has a positive end and a negative end, and can therefore dissolve many compounds. B.It has a very low specific heat. C.It loses heat very quickly. D.It has no electric charge and is therefore able to associate with a variety of molecules.

5. Curve On the line = saturated Below the line = Unsaturated Above the line = Supersaturated

6. Solubility Rules

7. Molarity Concentration of a solution. total combined volume substance being dissolved

8. Example #1: What is the molarity of the solution if.25 moles of Na 2 SO 4 is dissolved in 1.5 L solution?

9. Example #2: If you had a 2M solution of glucose (C6H12O6) how many liters of the solution would contain 3 moles glucose?

10. Example #3: Calculate the molarity of.51L of solution that contains 110g of NaCl.

11. Dilution Preparation of a desired solution by adding water to a concentrate ( stock solution). Moles of solute remain the same.

12. Example #1: What volume of.5M NaOH is needed to make a.075 M in 2L solution?

13. Electrolytes Strong Electrolyte Non- Electrolyte - + salt - + sugar - + acetic acid Weak Electrolyte

14. SATURATED SOLUTION no more solute dissolves UNSATURATED SOLUTION more solute dissolves SUPERSATURATED SOLUTION becomes unstable, crystals form concentration

15. Rate of Solution Solids dissolve faster... Solids dissolve faster... – more stirring – small particle size (increased surface area) – high temperature

16. Rate of Solution Gases dissolve faster... Gases dissolve faster... – no shaking or stirring – high pressure – low temperature

17. A solution that contains less solute than it can hold at a given temperature is A.disassociated. B.saturated. C.supersaturated. D.unsaturated