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Mr. Cameron Jeannette HS SOCIAL STRUCTURE
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Sociologists have often viewed society as a system of interrelated parts, or as a structure Social structure – The network of interrelated statuses and roles that guide human interaction Status – Socially defined position in a group or in a society Role – The behavior expected of someone occupying a particular status BUILDING BLOCKS OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE
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Statuses are ways of defining where individuals fit in society and how they relate to others in society Statuses of President Obama: President Father Husband African American Lawyer Basketball Fan What are some of your statuses? STATUS
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Ascribed Status – Assigned according to qualities beyond a person’s control Not based on ability, efforts, or accomplishments Examples: Teenager Gender Family Heritage Race ASCRIBED STATUS
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Achieved Status – Acquired through a person’s direct efforts Efforts include: Special Skills Knowledge Ability Examples: All Occupations Husband/Wife Parent High School Graduate Athlete ACHIEVED STATUS
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Master Status – Plays the greatest role in shaping a person’s life and determining his or her social identity A master status can be either achieved or ascribed Examples: Occupation Wealth Marital Status Parenthood What is your master status? MASTER STATUS
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Master statuses change many times over the course of your life Teenagers: Student Athlete Adulthood: Occupation Parenthood Late Adulthood: Hobbies Being a Grandparent MASTER STATUS CONTINUED
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Role – The behavior expected of someone occupying a particular status “You occupy a status, but you play a role” At school you play the role associated with the status of student At home you play the role associated with the status of son or daughter ROLES
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Reciprocal Role – Corresponding roles that define the patterns of interaction between related statuses Husband Wife Doctor Patient Athlete Coach Friend Friend Leader Follower ROLES
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Role Expectations – The socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role Doctors are expected to treat their patients with skill and care Parents are expected to provide for their children Police officers are expected to uphold the law Do these people always meet society’s expectations? ROLE EXPECTATIONS
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One way that people form their role expectations is by observing role models. People of all ages work to imitate others whom they admire. List two people whom you consider to be role models. What characteristics do these people possess that have made them effective role models in your life? How have these people helped define your role expectations? APPLYING SOCIOLOGY
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Do these people always meet society’s expectations? NO! Role Performance – A person’s actual role behavior Some doctors do not provide the best possible care Some parents mistreat their children Occasionally, role behaviors considered appropriate by a certain part of society are seen as inappropriate by society as a whole ROLE PERFORMANCE
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Role Conflict – Occurs when fulfilling the role expectations of one status makes it difficult to fulfill the role expectations of another status Good Employee = Going to Work Good Parent = Staying Home & Take Care of Children Role Strain – Occurs when a person has difficulty meeting the role expectations of a single status A teacher that has to maintain the morale of students while getting them to continually work may experience role strain ROLE CONFLICT & ROLE STRAIN
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When you play a role, you have to interact with others The five most common forms of social interaction: Exchange Competition Conflict Cooperation Accommodation TYPES OF SOCIAL INTERACTION
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Exchange – Whenever people interact in an effort to receive a reward or a return for their actions Many sociologists believe exchange is the most basic form of interaction Exchanges are a part of: Dating Family Life Friendship EXCHANGE
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Reciprocity – The idea that if you do something for someone, that person owes you something in return Nonmaterial Rewards: Thank you for doing the dishes Material Reward: A wage you receive for working at a restaurant Exchange Theory – People are motivated by self- interest in their interactions with other people People do things primarily for rewards When the costs of an interaction outweigh the rewards, people are likely to end the relationship EXCHANGE
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Competition – Occurs when two or more people or groups oppose each other to achieve a goal that only one can attain List three examples of competition from your own life Many scholars think competition is a cornerstone of American society…do you agree? Why or why not? What are the positives and negatives of competition? COMPETITION
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Most sociologists view competition as a positive means of motivating people Competition can be negative: Psychological Stress A lack of cooperation Inequality Conflict COMPETITION
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Competition = Achieving the Goal Conflict = Defeating the Opponent Conflict – The deliberate attempt to control a person by force, to oppose someone, or to harm another person Conflicts can range from bullying a classmate to killing someone What other types of conflict can you think of? CONFLICT
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Four Sources of Conflict: 1.Wars 2.Disagreements within Groups 3.Legal Disputes 4.Clashes over Ideology Ideology = Religion/Politics What are the positives of conflict? Positives: Strengthens group loyalty Can bring social change TYPES OF CONFLICT
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Cooperation – Two or more people or groups work together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than one person No group can complete its tasks or achieve its goals without cooperation from its members Examples: Football Band Class Officers COOPERATION
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Accommodation – A state of balance between cooperation and conflict Accommodation – Staying at a hotel for $80 Cooperation – Staying at a hotel for free Conflict – Hotel owner refusing to let you stay no matter what Accommodation can take a number of different forms: Compromise – Two parties give up something to come to a mutual agreement Truce – Brings a halt to conflict until a compromise is reached Mediation – A third party acts as an advisor or counselor Arbitration – A third party makes a binding decision ACCOMMODATION
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EXAMPLE #1
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EXAMPLE #2
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EXAMPLE #3
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EXAMPLE #6
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EXAMPLE #8
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EXAMPLE #9
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EXAMPLE #10
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