1. EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION USING CARBON-NANOTUBE SENSORS (…A Research Based Project…) PROJECT GUIDE : Mr. B.T.VENKATESHMURTHY PRESENTED BY : SHUHAB-U-TARIQ 7 th sem E&C

2. INTRODUCTION Earthquakes… What ? Why ? How ? Carbon Nanotubes Definition Structure Properties

3. EARTHQUAKES Vibration of the Earth produced by a rapid release of energy. Occur principally by the sudden displacement on faults. Caused by plate movement at subduction zones or other fault lines. Theory of Plate Tectonics Rigid plates that collide, separate and then translate.

4. CARBON NANOTUBES Extremely thin hollow cylinders made of carbon atoms. diameter is about 10,000 times smaller than a human hair !

5. PROPERTIES Size : 0.6 to 1.8 nanometer in diameter Density : 1.33 to 1.40 grams per cubic centimeter Tensile strength : 45 billion pascals Resilience : Can be bent at large angles and restraightened without damage Current carrying capacity : Estimated at a 1 billion amps per square centimeter

6. PROPERTIES CONTD. Field emission : Can activate phosphors at1 to 3 volts if electrodes are spaced 1 micron apart Heat transmission : Predicted to be as high as 6,000 watts per meter per kelvin at room temperature Temperature stability : Stable up to 2,800 degrees Celsius in vacuum, 750degrees C in air Cost : $1,500 per gram from Bucky USA in Houston

7. Effect of Twisting on Nanotube Electronic Structure: the metallic nanotube to a semiconducting one with a band-gap that varies with the twist angle.

8. Effect of bending: Variation of the local density of states (LDOS) along the length of a (6,6) nanotube as a function of the bending angle.

9. Implementation of C nanotube: Wheatstone Bridge Subjecting the circuit to suitable Frequency vibrations due to which there should be a significant change in electrical property of C-nanotubes resulting the bridge unbalanced. Rx = C - Nanotube sensor

10. CONCLUSION : Detect the precursor waves that precede any surface or destructive earthquake. Earthquake prediction is accomplished and a significant loss of life and property could be reduced.