1. WELNS 670: Wellness Research Design Chapter 4

2. Review

3. A Suitable Research Problem… Addresses an important question such that the answer makes a difference Advances knowledge by leading to new ways of thinking, suggesting possible applications, or leading to additional research

4. Steps to follow State the problem clearly and completely Think through the feasibility that the problem implies Say precisely what you mean Edit your work, choosing your words carefully

5. Further delineation Stating the hypotheses and/or research questions Delimiting the research Defining the terms Stating the assumptions Identifying the importance of the study

6. New Material Reviewing Related Literature

7. Understanding the Role of the Review Provide new ideas and approaches Inform about other researchers Show how others have handled methodology and design issues Reveal sources of data Introduce you to measurement tools Reveal methods of dealing with problem situations Help interpret and make sense of findings and tie to work of others Increase your confidence in your topic

8. Preparing to Review the Literature Write down the problem Write each subproblem out Identify keywords and phrases Write keywords and potential topics to review down under each subproblem… these topics become your “agenda” Find resources Read!

9. Group Project Problem:

10. Looking at Your Problem For the next 5-10 minutes… – Develop a “Literature search agenda” For the next 5-10 minutes… – Share you agenda with a partner and get ideas and feedback Share with entire class

11. The Search Is On… Use a systematic approach for recording the information you will be gathering Identify the materials you want to read and see if your library has them – Keep track of the searches you conduct (i.e., databases searched, terms used) – Let the computer track your lists when possible (consider using Endnotes) Devise a plan of attack Track your sources down Record basic information as you read Identify strategies for getting unavailable materials

12. Writing a Review of Related Literature Evaluate, organize, and synthesize what others have done… go beyond just reporting Never take other’s conclusions at face value; determine for yourself whether conclusions are justified based on the data presented Synthesize what you have learned – Compare and contrast varying theoretical perspectives – Show how approaches to the topic have changed over time – Describe general trends – Identify discrepant or contradictory findings, and suggest possible explanations – Identify general themes

13. Example… A growing body of evidence suggests that school and community based martial art programs directly impact a number of areas critical to health and wellness. Research now indicates that traditional martial art programs have been effective in physical rehabilitation (Massey & Kissling, 1999[i]), improving physical health and wellness (Massey, 1998[ii]); improving mental and personal health traits like self esteem, aggression and violence management (Weiser, Kutz, Kutz, & Weiser, 1995[iii]; Twemlow & Sacco, 1998[iv]); and, improving social health characteristics related to sense of belonging and group acceptance within a community (Brown & Johnson, 2000[v]). Most significantly, however, is recent research indicating the positive impact a martial art program can have on marital and family development, as well as its ability to foster a sense of community (Lantz, 2002[vi]).[i][ii][iii][iv][v][vi] [i][i] Massey, P.B., & Kisling, G.M. (1995). A single case report of healing through specific martial art therapy: Comparison of MRI to clinical resolution in severe cervical stenosis: A case report. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 5, 75-79. [ii][ii] Massey, P.B., (1998). Medicine and the martial arts: A brief historical perspective. Alternative Complementary Therapy, 4, 128-133. [iii][iii] Weiser, M., Kutz, I., Kutz, S. J., & Weiser, D. (1995). Psychotherapeutic aspects of the martial arts. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 49, 118-127. [iv][iv] Twemlow, S.W. & Sacco, F. (1998). The application of traditional martial arts practice and theory to the treatment of violent adolescents. Adolescence. 33, 503-618. [v][v] Brown, D. & Johnson, A. (2000). The social practice of self defense martial arts: Applications for physical education. Quest, 52, 246-259. [vi][vi] Lantz, J. (2002). Family development and the martial arts: A phenomenological study. Contemporary Family Therapy, 24, 565-580.

14. Writing a Clear and Cohesive Review Get the proper psychological orientation – be clear in your thinking Have a plan – inverted pyramid Emphasize relatedness – how dose the literature you are reviewing relate to your problem? Review the literature. Don’t reproduce it. – remember to reference the author(s) whose ideas you are presenting Summarize what you have said – use the heading “summary” Rewrite… rewrite… rewrite Ask others for advice and feedback

15. When do you quit?????? Never – Not really!!!!! Look for repetitive patterns in the materials you are finding Stop when what you are reading does not provide further insight (either supporting or contradicting)