1. Applegate, L.M., Austin, R.D, and Soule, D.L., Corporate Information Strategy and Management, 8 th edition, Burr Ridge, IL: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2009 Instructor’s Manual Chapter 5 Understanding IT Infrastructure Key Learning Objectives for Chapter 5: Recognize the core components of modern IT infrastructure and understand the management issues associated with these components Understand the business opportunities and challenges associated with pervasive internetworked computing power

2. Applegate, L.M., Austin, R.D., and Soule, D.L., Corporate Information Strategy and Management, 8 th edition, Burr Ridge, IL: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2009 Chapter 5: Understanding IT Infrastructure Information technology (IT) infrastructure shifted from mainframes to networked PCs. IT infrastructure lies at the heart of most companies’ operating capabilities. Changes in IT lead therefore to fundamental changes in how businesses operate. “Leave decision making to the techies?” The deepest challenges of infrastructure management are in understanding and assigning responsibility for making these not just technical, not just business decisions, in bridging the gap between the business and technology domains.

3. Applegate, L.M., Austin, R.D., and Soule, D.L., Corporate Information Strategy and Management, 8 th edition, Burr Ridge, IL: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2009 Chapter 5: Understanding IT Infrastructure The Drivers of Change: Better Chips, Bigger Pipes In 1965, Gordon Moore, who would later cofound Intel, noted that the performance of memory chips doubled every 18 to 24 months, whereas their size and cost remained roughly constant. Once scarce, expensive, and therefore centrally controlled computing power is now abundant, inexpensive, and widely distributed in everything from general-purpose computers to toaster ovens.

4. Applegate, L.M., Austin, R.D., and Soule, D.L., Corporate Information Strategy and Management, 8 th edition, Burr Ridge, IL: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2009 Chapter 5: Understanding IT Infrastructure A Graphical Representation of Moore’s Law

5. Applegate, L.M., Austin, R.D., and Soule, D.L., Corporate Information Strategy and Management, 8 th edition, Burr Ridge, IL: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2009 Chapter 5: Understanding IT Infrastructure The Drivers of Change: Better Chips, Bigger Pipes As newly empowered computer users sought to share work, new communications infrastructures emerged. In the early 1990s, the rise to prominence of the commercial Internet, the Web, and underlying protocols. Because of their publicly funded origins, TCP/lP and other Internet protocols and technologies were open standards, not owned by any person or company.

6. Applegate, L.M., Austin, R.D., and Soule, D.L., Corporate Information Strategy and Management, 8 th edition, Burr Ridge, IL: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2009 Chapter 5: Understanding IT Infrastructure Metcalfe's Law: "The usefulness of a network increases with the square of the number of users connected to the network” As the number of users grew, commercial potential mounted and network capacity expanded. Examples: Facebook Line （ or Beetalk ） 直播台

7. Applegate, L.M., Austin, R.D., and Soule, D.L., Corporate Information Strategy and Management, 8 th edition, Burr Ridge, IL: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2009 Chapter 5: Understanding IT Infrastructure A Graphical Illustration of Metcalfe’s Law

8. Applegate, L.M., Austin, R.D., and Soule, D.L., Corporate Information Strategy and Management, 8 th edition, Burr Ridge, IL: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2009 Chapter 5: Understanding IT Infrastructure The Basic Components of Internetworking Infrastructures

9. Applegate, L.M., Austin, R.D., and Soule, D.L., Corporate Information Strategy and Management, 8 th edition, Burr Ridge, IL: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2009 Chapter 5: Understanding IT Infrastructure The Basic Components of Internetworking Infrastructures Each of these infrastructure components generates opportunities and issues managers must understand and be able to address A major theme underlying the evolution of these components is that internetworking creates many more degrees of freedom in how components can be arranged and managed. Having more degrees of freedom creates possibilities for cost reduction, new capabilities, and new business models but also poses challenges in understanding the implications of possible infrastructure designs and management actions.

10. Applegate, L.M., Austin, R.D., and Soule, D.L., Corporate Information Strategy and Management, 8 th edition, Burr Ridge, IL: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2009 Chapter 5: Understanding IT Infrastructure Examples WiFi access points: how many is enough? Do we really need to greenify our data center? Budget is limited: to replace an old core switch or to purchase a new server? Network management: centralized or distributed?

11. Applegate, L.M., Austin, R.D., and Soule, D.L., Corporate Information Strategy and Management, 8 th edition, Burr Ridge, IL: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2009 Chapter 5: Understanding IT Infrastructure The Bandwidth Explosion 頻寬有可能滿足所有使用者的需求嗎？需要管理嗎？如何 管理？

12. Applegate, L.M., Austin, R.D., and Soule, D.L., Corporate Information Strategy and Management, 8 th edition, Burr Ridge, IL: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2009 Chapter 5: Understanding IT Infrastructure The Basic Components of Internetworking Infrastructures Network: LAN, WAN, wireless, routers, firewalls (security-related devices: log analysis, intrusion detection, etc.), … New trend: Software defined networks, software defined storage, … Processing Systems: Server devices and systems, mainframe devices and systems (Cloud and Virtualization are the keywords) the dilemma of open source software Client devices and systems: moving to mobile devices such as smart phones and Pad. (the management of BYOD) Middleware software as a service, utility or on demand or grid computing, web services Infrastructure management systems and business applications (ex. ERP) Facilities: Physical spaces, network conduit and connections (ex. 光纖管道 ), power, temperature and humidity controls, and security.

13. Applegate, L.M., Austin, R.D., and Soule, D.L., Corporate Information Strategy and Management, 8 th edition, Burr Ridge, IL: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2009 Chapter 5: Understanding IT Infrastructure The Basic Components of Internetworking Infrastructures Operational Characteristics of Internetworks Internetworking Technologies Are Based on Open Standards Internetworking Technologies Operate Asynchronously Internetwork Communications Have Inherent Latency Internetworking Technologies Are Decentralized Internetworking Technologies Are Scalable

14. Applegate, L.M., Austin, R.D., and Soule, D.L., Corporate Information Strategy and Management, 8 th edition, Burr Ridge, IL: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2009 Chapter 5: Understanding IT Infrastructure The Rise of Internetworking: Business Implications A Sun Microsystems slogan: The network becomes a computer Improved connections between machines … mean quicker realization of economic value … internetworking infrastructure is the means by which value is created and captured in real time The Emergence of Real-Time Infrastructures Better Data, Better Decisions （ Big Data, right? ） Improved Process Visibility Improved Process Efficiency From Make-and-Sell to Sense-and-Respond

15. Applegate, L.M., Austin, R.D., and Soule, D.L., Corporate Information Strategy and Management, 8 th edition, Burr Ridge, IL: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2009 Chapter 5: Understanding IT Infrastructure The Rise of Internetworking: Business Implications Broader Exposure to Operational Threats The average computer is connected to the Internet for only a few minutes before it is probed for vulnerability to intrusion or attack. Many attempted incursions are the electronic equivalent of kids playing a prank. But recent evidence shows that more serious criminals have begun to explore the possibilities presented by the Internet. Malfunctions and errors propagate faster and have potentially broader impacts “Black Monday” (10/19/1987): due to program trade [http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%89%B2%E6%98%9F%E6%9C %9F%E4%B8%80] Requires effective "disaster recovery“ Security attacks

16. Applegate, L.M., Austin, R.D., and Soule, D.L., Corporate Information Strategy and Management, 8 th edition, Burr Ridge, IL: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2009 Chapter 5: Understanding IT Infrastructure The Rise of Internetworking: Business Implications New Models of Service Delivery New service models For example, telephone answering machines vs. voice mails. The move to over-the-Net service delivery has been gradual and is far from complete For example, a company may rent space in a vendor-owned IT hosting facility rather than incur the capital expenses required to build a data center, even as it retains internal management of the software Managing Legacies Legacy systems present one set of challenges. They are often based on outdated, obsolete, and proprietary technologies. Yet they are vital to the business Even more significant are legacy processes, organizations, and cultures

17. Applegate, L.M., Austin, R.D., and Soule, D.L., Corporate Information Strategy and Management, 8 th edition, Burr Ridge, IL: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2009 Chapter 5: Understanding IT Infrastructure The Future of Internetworking Infrastructure Markets do not tolerate the uncertainties of unreliable or unavailable infrastructure on-line transactions, financial service firms (stock market trading) high availability Ultimately, internetworking technologies must support all or nearly all the ele ments of business transactions that can occur in face-to-face transactions. nonrepudiation

18. Applegate, L.M., Austin, R.D., and Soule, D.L., Corporate Information Strategy and Management, 8 th edition, Burr Ridge, IL: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2009 Chapter 5: Understanding IT Infrastructure 陽光、空氣、水、和網路