1. Chapter 2 Costs

2. Outline.  Costs in the short run  Costs in the long run

3. Costs in the short run  Example: a laundrette uses capital and labour w= 10€ capital is fixed in the short run Table 1

4. Fixed, variable and total costs  Fixed cost: do not vary with the level of production. FC = r.K 0  Variable costs: costs associated with all variable inputs VC (Q) = w.L(Q)  Total costs TC (Q) = w.L(Q) + r K0

6. Average costs  The average fixed cost is the fixed cost divided by the quantity of output.  The average variable cost is the variable cost divided by the quantity of output  The average total cost is the total cost divided by the quantity of output

7. Marginal cost  The marginal cost is the change in total cost that results from producing one additional unit of output. For very small changes in output:  Given that the fixed cost does not vary with output:

9. Firms’ decisions  Optimal allocation of a given amount of output between 2 production processes so that: MC(Q1) = MC(Q2) If MC(Q1) > MC(Q2), shifting 1 unit of output from 1 to 2 would reduce the cost. If MC(Q1) < MC(Q2), shifting 1 unit of output from 2 to 1 would reduce the cost.  In both cases, the initial allocation was not cost minimising.

10. The relationship between marginal product, average product, marginal cost and average variable cost  We can show that MC = w/MP and

11. The relationship between marginal product, average product, marginal cost and average variable cost  We can show that AVC = w/AP

13. Outline.  Costs in the long run

14. Cost minimisation  In the long run, all inputs are variable.  If the manager of the firm is free to choose his input combination and if he wants to produce a given level of input at the lowest possible cost, which combination is he going to use?  The total cost of production is given by : r.K + w.L  The problem of the firm: Min (r.K + w.L) subject to : F(K,L) = Q 0

15. Cost minimisation (ctd 1)

16. Cost minimisation (ctd 2)

17. Cost minimisation (ctd 3)

18. Cost minimisation (end)

19. An example

20. O ptimal input choice and long-run costs  The firm's output expansion path is the set of cost minimising input bundles when the price of inputs is set at w and r and output increases from Q1 to Q3. :

22. Long-run marginal and average costs

23. Returns to scale  Constant returns to scale

24. Returns to scale (ctd)  Decreasing returns to scale

25. Returns to scale (end)  Increasing returns to scale

26. The structure of the industry  Long-run costs are important because they impact the structure of the industry When there are decreasing long-run average costs throughout the production process, the tendency will be for a single firm to serve the entire market When the average cost curve reaches a minimum, the industry will be dominated by a small number of firms

27. Long-run average costs  The long-run average curve associated with a market served by many firms is likely to take one of the three following forms

28. Long-run and short-run cost curves  Consider a firm with plant size = k*. The short run cost function for a plant of size k* will be STC(y, k*) and the long run cost function will be LTC(y) = STC (y, k(y)).  Let y* be the level of output for which k* is the optimal plant size: k* = k(y*) We know that for y*, LTC(y*) = STC(y*, k*) because at y* the optimal choice of plant size is k*.  For other levels of output, the short-run cost for k = k* is going to be higher than the long-run cost because the plant size is not optimal. STC(y, k*) > LTC(y)

29. Long-run and short-run cost curves (ctd 1)  If the short run cost is always larger than the long run cost and they are equal for one level of output, this means we have the same property for average costs: LAC(y)  SAC(y, k*) and LAC(y*) = SAC(y*, k*)

30. Long-run and short-run cost curves (ctd 2)

31. Long-run and short-run cost curves (ctd3)  We can do the same sort of construction for levels of output other than y*. Suppose we pick output levels y1, y2, …, yn and the corresponding plant sizes k1 = k(y1), k2 = k(y2), …, kn = k(yn).  the LAC curve is the lower envelope of the short run average cost curves.

32. Long-run and short-run cost curves (ctd4)

33. Long-run and short-run cost curves (ctd5)  Note that for the output level at which LAC = SAC, the long run marginal cost of producing that level of output is equal to the short-run marginal cost : LMC = SMC.  This is due to the fact that : LAC = SAC  LTC = STC

34. Long-run and short-run cost curves (end)