1. By: Andrew Seitler

2.  Practical retinal prosthesis for people afflicted with progressive loss of photoreceptor cells.  Retinal chip implanted on the back of eye  Create a simple yet effective form of power

3.  University of Southern California’s Doheny Eye Institute is using RF signals to transmit both data and power to the retinal implant.  Stanford University is using ambient light entering the eye for both data and power.  For 2 years a 60-pixel retina has been used in clinical trials known as the Argus II.

4.  Stanford Ophthalmology department recently discovered migration of retinal cells.  Sub-retinal implant preserves axonal connections to the retina above the implant.

5.  Uses goggle mounted camera  Transmits from goggles using pulsed IR  Photodiodes convert pulses of light into pulsed current from intraocular photovoltaic

6.  University of Southern California’s Biomimetric MicroElectronic Systems Engineering Research Center boasts a 1000- pixel test system.  Expecting nearly 5 years before clinical trials  More progressively they want to fit everything entirely into the eye.

7.  Entirely implantable device  Miniature camera system  Use light we already see with to power and give detail to newer more effective systems.  Use carbon nanotubes for designs  Increase safety for long term implants  Drastically decrease need to power circuit

8.  http://spectrum.ieee.org/biomedical/bionics /a-formfitting-photovoltaic-artificial-retina http://spectrum.ieee.org/biomedical/bionics /a-formfitting-photovoltaic-artificial-retina  http://ophthalmology.stanford.edu/research/ basic_retinal_prosthesis.html http://ophthalmology.stanford.edu/research/ basic_retinal_prosthesis.html  http://spectrum.ieee.org/biomedical/bionics /researchers-hope-to-mime-1000-neurons- with-highres-artificial-retina http://spectrum.ieee.org/biomedical/bionics /researchers-hope-to-mime-1000-neurons- with-highres-artificial-retina