1. Read Orange Book Chapter 9
PSYCHOLOGY
Read
Orange Book Chapter 9
MEMORY

2. Memory Peg-word system
this mnemonic system requires the memorization of a list of peg-words
One is a bun…
Two is a shoe…
Three is tree…

3. Memory
Visual imagery
visually seeing an association between words using vivid imagery, interaction with the images, and bizarreness

4. Memory
Method of loci
mentally placing items to be remembered around a familiar location, usually our own home or room, and then calling forth the image of the room when you need to remember information associated with the house or its rooms

5. Memory
TH- EDO- GSA- WTH- ECA- T

6. Memory
TH- EDO- GSA- WTH- ECA- T
THE DOG SAW THE CAT

7. Memory
IAMNOWHERE

8. Memory
IAMNOWHERE
I AM NOW HERE
I AM NO WHERE

9. Memory

10. Memory
1812
1914
1918
1939
1941
1945
1963

11. Memory
Chunking Pi

12. Memory 1.) Memory 2.) Flashbulb Memory
persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information
2.) Flashbulb Memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event- September 11th, 2001

13. Memory Memory as Information Processing 3.) Encoding
similar to a computer
write to file
save to disk
read from disk
3.) Encoding
the processing of information into the memory system
i.e., extracting meaning

14. Memory 4.) Storage 5.) Retrieval
the retention of encoded information over time
5.) Retrieval
process of getting information out of memory

15. Memory 6.) Sensory Memory 7.) Working Memory
the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system
7.) Working Memory
focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information

16. Memory 8.) Short-Term Memory 9.) Long-Term Memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly
look up a phone number, then quickly dial before the information is forgotten
9.) Long-Term Memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

17. Encoding: Getting Information In
Effortful
Automatic

18. Encoding 10.) Automatic Processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information
space
time
frequency
well-learned information
word meanings
we can learn automatic processing
reading backwards

19. Encoding 11.) Effortful Processing 12.) Rehearsal
requires attention and conscious effort
12.) Rehearsal
conscious repetition of information
to maintain it in consciousness
to encode it for storage

20. Encoding
“The amount remembered depends on the amount of time that I spend learning”- Ebbinghaus

21. Encoding Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables 13.) Spacing Effect
TUV ZOF GEK WAV
the more times practiced on Day 1, the fewer repetitions to relearn on Day 2
13.) Spacing Effect
distributed practice yields better long- term retention than massed practice

22. Encoding: Serial Position Effect
14.) Serial Position Effect--tendency to recall best the last items in a list
20 minute study sessions

23. What Do We Encode? 15.) Semantic Encoding 16.) Acoustic Encoding
encoding of meaning
including meaning of words
16.) Acoustic Encoding
encoding of sound
especially sound of words
17.) Visual Encoding
encoding of picture images

24. What Do We Encode? Is the word in capital letters?
chair
Does the word rhyme with train?
brain
Would the word fit in this sentence?
elephant
The girl put the ________ on the table.

25. Encoding

26. Encoding 18.) Imagery 19.) Mnemonics mental pictures
a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding
19.) Mnemonics
memory aids
especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

27. Encoding
20.) Chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units
like horizontal organization
often occurs automatically
use of acronyms
HOMES--Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior
ARITHMETIC--A Rat In Tom’s House Might Eat Tom’s Ice Cream

28. Encoding
Hierarchies
complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories
Encoding
(automatic
or effortful)
Imagery
(visual
Encoding)
Meaning
(semantic
Organization
Chunks
Hierarchies

29. Storage: Retaining Information
21.) Iconic Memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli
a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more that a few tenths of a second
22.) Echoic Memory
momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli

30. Storage: Short-Term Memory
limited in duration and capacity
18 to 30 seconds
“magical” number 7+/-2

31. Storage: Long-Term Memory
Synaptic changes
when learning occurs more of the neurotransmitter serotonin is released at the synapses where learning is going on
these synapses then become more efficient at transmitting signals

32. Storage: Long-Term Memory
this increased synaptic efficiency makes for more neural circuits
By rapidly stimulating these memory-circuit connections, they become sensitive for hours or even weeks to come
This prolonged strengthening of potential neural firing is called long-term potentiation
24.) Long-term Potentiation
increase in synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation

33. Storage: Long-Term Memory
Long-term Potentiation provides the neural basis for learning and remembering associations
This increased sensitivity at neural level when people are engaged in effortful processing of information leads to learning
Strong emotions and intentional effortful processing make for stronger memories
The implications of this knowledge may lead to memory boosting drugs, or “cognitive enhancers”
These drugs might be helpful for the millions of people with Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

34. Storage: Long-Term Memory
25.) Amnesia--the loss of memory
Retrograde amnesia- old memories
Anterograde amnesia- new memories
26.) Explicit Memory
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare
also called declarative memory
27.) hippocampus--neural center in limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage
28.) Implicit Memory
retention independent of conscious recollection
also called procedural memory

35. Storage: Long-Term Memory
MRI scan of hippocampus (in red)
left hippocampus- verbal information
right hippocampus- visual designs
Hippocampus

36. Retrieval: Getting Information Out
29.) Recall
measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier
as on a fill-in-the blank test
30.) Recognition
Measure of memory in which the person has only to identify items previously learned
as on a multiple-choice test

37. Retrieval 31.) Relearning 32.) Priming
memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material a second time
32.) Priming
activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

38. Retrieval Cues 33.) Deja Vu (French)--already seen
cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience
"I've experienced this before."
34.) Mood-congruent Memory
tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood
memory, emotions, or moods serve as retrieval cues
35.) State-dependent Memory
what is learned in one state (while one is high, drunk, or depressed) can more easily be remembered when in same state

39. Retrieval Cues
After learning to move a mobile by kicking, infants had their learning reactivated most strongly when retested in the same rather than a different context (Butler & Rovee-Collier, 1989).

40. Forgetting Forgetting as encoding failure
Information never enters the long-term memory
External
events
Sensory
memory
Short-
term
Long-
Attention
Encoding
failure leads
to forgetting

41. Forgetting Forgetting as encoding failure
Which penny is the real thing?

42. Forgetting 1 2 3 4 5 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60
Time in days since learning list
Percentage of
list retained
when
relearning
Ebbinghaus forgetting curve over 30 days-- initially rapid, then levels off with time

43. Time in years after completion of Spanish course
Forgetting
The forgetting curve for Spanish learned in school
Retention
drops,
then levels off
½ 14½ ½ ½
Time in years after completion of Spanish course
100% 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Percentage of
original
vocabulary
retained

44. Retrieval
Forgetting can result from failure to retrieve information from long-term memory
External
events
Attention
Encoding
Retrieval failure
leads to forgetting
Retrieval
Sensory
memory
Short-term
Long-term

45. Forgetting as Interference AP p.379, Reg p. 362
Learning some items may disrupt retrieval of other information
36.) Proactive Interference (forward acting)
disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new information
37.) Retroactive Interference
(backwards acting)
disruptive effect of new learning on recall of old information

46. Forgetting as Interference

47. Hours elapsed after learning syllables
Forgetting
Retroactive Interference
Without interfering
events, recall is
better
After sleep
After remaining awake
Hours elapsed after learning syllables
90% 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Percentage
of syllables
recalled

48. Forgetting Forgetting can occur at any memory stage
As we process information, we filter, alter, or lose much of it

49. Forgetting- Interference
38.) Motivated Forgetting
people unknowingly revise memories
39.) Repression
defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

50. Memory Construction We filter information and fill in missing pieces
40.) Misinformation Effect
incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
41.) Source Amnesia
attributing to the wrong source an event that we experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined (misattribution)

51. Memory Construction Eyewitnesses reconstruct memories when questioned
Depiction of actual accident
Leading question:
“About how fast were the cars
going when they smashed into
each other?”
Memory
construction
Eyewitnesses reconstruct memories when questioned

52. Memory Construction Memories of Abuse False Memory Syndrome
Repressed or Constructed?
Child sexual abuse does occur
Some adults do actually forget such episodes
False Memory Syndrome
condition in which a person’s identity and relationships center around a false but strongly believed memory of traumatic experience
sometimes induced by well-meaning therapists

53. Memory Construction Most people can agree on the following:
Injustice happens
Incest happens
Forgetting happens
Recovered memories are commonplace
Memories recovered under hypnosis or drugs are especially unreliable
Memories of things happening before age 3 are unreliable
Memories, whether false or real, are upsetting

54. Improve Your Memory Study repeatedly to boost recall
Spend more time rehearsing or actively thinking about the material
Make material personally meaningful
Use mnemonic devices
associate with peg words--something already stored
make up story
chunk--acronyms

55. Improve Your Memory
Activate retrieval cues--mentally recreate situation and mood
Recall events while they are fresh-- before you encounter misinformation
Minimize interference
Test your own knowledge
rehearse
determine what you do not yet know