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2. Unique and long-term pattern of inner experience and outward behavior Often described in terms of “traits” Comes from combination of genetics and environment

3. OLD DSM: Psychological disorders characterized by disruptive, inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning and deviate from the expectations of one’s culture. NEW DSM: impairments in personality (self and interpersonal) functioning and the presence of pathological personality traits

4.  Problems with Self-function (SF)  Problems with Inter-personal function (IPF)  Pathological Personality Traits (PPT)

5.  Anti-social  Avoidant  Borderline  Narcissistic  Obsessive-Compulsive  Schizotypal  Overall: 9.1% adults over 12 mo. period

6.  Problems with SF: Ego-centrism  Problems with IPF: X Pro-social behaviors X Intimacy X Empathy  PPT: Antagonism Lack of inhibition

7.  Biological & psychological X gene code for complex behavior Show little ANS arousal Can detect behavior for children as young as 3 Boys who become anti-social adults were:  Impulsive  Uninhibited  Unconcerned with social rewards  Low anxiety Socio-cultural factors (nature and nurture interact)

8.  Problems with SF: Low self-esteem  Problems with IPF: Fear of rejection  PPT: Withdrawal, Intimacy avoidance, inability to feel pleasure or take interest in life Anxiousness

9.  Problems with SF: Unstable self-image; instability in goals, aspirations or values  Problems with IPF: b/c of hypersensitivity, X feel empathy with others; worries @ abandonment  PPT: frequent mood changes, anxiousness, separation anxiety, depressive tendencies, lack of inhibition, antagonism

10.  Problems with SF: Exaggerated self- esteem  Problems with IPF: superficial relationships  PPT: Grandiosity

11.  Problems with SF: perfectionism  Problems with IPF: relationships secondary to work  PPT: Negative Affectivity

12.  Problems with SF: Distorted self-concept  Problems with IPF: Mis-interpretations  PPT: Eccentricity, Odd thought process, detachment