1. The Family and Household Transition
Chapter 10
The Family and Household Transition

2. Chapter Outline Defining Family Demography And Life Chances
The Family And Household Transition
Proximate Determinants Of Family And Household Changes

3. Chapter Outline Changing Life Chances
The Intersection Of Changing Life Chances And The Family And Household Transition

4. Families
In virtually every human society, people have organized their lives around a family unit.
A family is any group of people who are related to one another by marriage, birth, or adoption.
Family members share a sense of social bonding: the mutual acceptance of reciprocal rights and obligations, and of responsibility for each other’s well-being.

5. Households
People who share a housing unit are said to have formed a household.
A family household is a housing or residential unit occupied by people who are related to one another.
A nonfamily household is a housing unit that includes a person who lives alone, or consists of people living with nonfamily coresidents.

6. Family Demography
Concerned largely with the study and analysis of family households:
Their formation
Their change over time
Their dissolution

7. Household Composition and Family Structure
Total number of households in the United States increased from 63 million in 1970 to 106 million in 2000.
Within that increase was a change in the composition of the American household.
Married couples with children have become less common.

8. U.S. Households Have Become Increasingly Diverse

9. Demographic Transition Promotes Diverse Families
Because people are living longer they are likely to be widowed, are more likely to divorce, and less likely to marry early and begin childbearing.
Pressure to have children is relieved by the decline in fertility.
An increasingly urban population is presented with many options besides marriage and family-building.

10. Differences in Households with Children that are Mother-Only Families

11. Delayed Marriage
Early marriage is one of the most important mechanisms preventing women from achieving equality.
When a girl marries at a young age, she is drawn into a life of childbearing and family-building that makes it difficult for her to contemplate other options in life.
This is one reason why high fertility is closely associated with low status for women.

12. As % of Women Married 15-19 Declines, Difference in Age of Brides and Grooms Declines
% of women married at ages 15–19
Average difference in age of bride and groom
Number of countries
40 or higher
6.5 15
30–39 5 .8 11
20–29
4.2 21
10–19
3.3 53
Less than 10
2.7 93

13. Cohabitation in the U.S. In 1970:
Average age at marriage for women was 20.3.
Number of cohabiting couples was 500,000.
Ratio of cohabiting to married couples was 1 to 100.

14. Cohabitation in the U.S. In 2000:
Average age at marriage for women was 25.1.
Number of cohabiting couples was 3.8 million.
Ratio of cohabiting to married couples had jumped to 6 per 100.

15. Divorce
In the U.S. in 1857, there was a 27% chance that a husband aged 25 and a wife aged 22 would both be alive when the wife reached 65.
For couples marrying in the early 21st century, the chances have risen to 60%.
5% of marriages contracted in 1867 ended in divorce.
Estimate is that half the marriages contracted 1970 will end in divorce.

16. Education
In 1940:
Less than one in four Americans 25 or older graduated from high school.
Women were more likely than men to graduate.
Approximately 5% of men and less than 4% of women were college graduates.

17. Education
In 2000:
84% of both men and women were high school graduates.
About one in four Americans had graduated from college—with men still being more likely than women to be in that category.

18. U.S. Educational Attainment Has Increased Significantly
Male
Female
% High School Graduate or More
2000
84.2
84.0
1990
77.7
77.5
1980
69.2
68.1
1970
55.0
55.4
1960
39.4
42.5
1950
31.5
35.1
1940
22.3
25.9

19. U.S. Educational Attainment Has Increased Significantly
Male
Female
% College Graduate
2000
27.8
23.6
1990
24.4
18.4
1980
20.9
13.6
1970
14.1
8.2
1960
9.6
5.8
1950
7.1
5.0
1940
5.4
3.7

20. Better Educated Workers Have Higher Incomes
Full-Time Workers aged 25+
Males
Females
Ratio of Female to Male income
Not high school graduate
$24,364
$18,096
0.74
high school graduate
$34,723
$25,302
0.73
Some college, no degree
$ 41,045
$30,418
Associates degree
$42,776
$32,152
0.75

21. Better Educated Workers Have Higher Incomes
Full-Time Workers 25+
Males
Females
Ratio of Female to Male income
Bachelor’s degree
$55,929
$40,994
0.73
Master’s degree
$70,898
$50,668
0.71
Professional degree
$100,000
$61,747
0.62
Doctorate degree
$86,965
$62,122

22. Women in the Labor Force
Since 1940, the rates of labor force participation have risen for women, while declining for men.
Women represent 50% of all workers, but they are still concentrated in administrative support, sales, and service occupations.

23. Occupational Distributions for Males and Female
% Distribution by Category—2002
Employed civilians
Females
Males
Executive, administrative, and managerial
15.2
15.8
Professional specialty
19.2
13.9
Technical and related support
4.0
2.8
Sales
11.8
10.9

24. Occupational Distributions for Males and Female
% Distribution by Category—2002
Employed civilians
Females
Males
Administrative support, including clerical
23.0
5.4
Private household service
0.9
0.0
Other service
16.5
10.4
Production, crafts, and repair
2.0
18.9

25. Occupational Distributions for Males and Female
% Distribution by Category—2002
Employed civilians
Females
Males
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors
3.7
6.0
Transport and material moving
0.9
7.0
Handlers, equipment cleaners, and laborers
1.6
5.7
Farming, forestry, fishing
1.0
3.1

27. White and African-American Family Income Gap

28. Poverty Threshold
In 2002, the poverty threshold for a single person under 65 was $9,359.
Between 1960 and 1973, the % of Americans living below the poverty level was cut from 22% to 11%.
The poverty level has never again been as low as 11% nor higher than 15%; it was 12% in 2002.

29. 2000 U.S. Median Net Worth

30. Benefits of Marriage Married couples have higher household income,
Married couples save more of their income.
Married couples have more wealth.
Married men and women live longer, and engage in fewer high-risk behaviors.

31. Benefits of Marriage
Children are better off financially than those in a one-parent family.
Children are less likely to drop out of school, less likely to have a teenage pregnancy, and less likely to be “idle” as a young adult than children in a one-parent family.
Married couples have sex more often and derive greater satisfaction from it than the unmarried do.