1. Major Air Quality Concerns in Europe Peter Builtjes TNO, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands and Free Univ. Berlin, Germany Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007 AMGI/EURASAP Workshop

2. Major Air Quality Concerns in EuropeAMGI/EURASAP Workshop, Zagreb, May 24-26, 20072 I)General Aspects II)Possible air quality concerns in Croatia III)Some remarks about Waste-to-Energy Installations IV)Conclusions

3. Major Air Quality Concerns in EuropeAMGI/EURASAP Workshop, Zagreb, May 24-26, 20073 General Aspects The Clean Air For Europe-CAFE- program: Objectives for Air Pollution: Achieving levels of air quality that do not give rise to significant negative impacts on and risks to human health and the environment No exceedence of the critical loads and levels for acidification or eutrophication

4. Major Air Quality Concerns in EuropeAMGI/EURASAP Workshop, Zagreb, May 24-26, 20074 Health: Components of concern: PM10 and 2.5, NO 2, O 3 Eco-system: Components of concern: N- and S-, and groundlevel O 3

5. Major Air Quality Concerns in EuropeAMGI/EURASAP Workshop, Zagreb, May 24-26, 20075 Current limit-values, health PM10: Annual average: 40  gr/m 3 Daily average: 50  gr/m 3, not to be exceeded more than 35 days In force 1-1-2005 NO 2 : Annual average: 40  gr/m 3 Houry mean: 200 ugr/m 3, not to be exceeded more than 18 times per year In force 1-1-2010

6. Major Air Quality Concerns in EuropeAMGI/EURASAP Workshop, Zagreb, May 24-26, 20076 Target value, health O 3 :8-hour running mean: 120  gr/m 3, not to be exceeded more than 25 days (average over 3 years)

7. Major Air Quality Concerns in EuropeAMGI/EURASAP Workshop, Zagreb, May 24-26, 20077 Still not formally decided PM 2.5: Annual mean: 25  gr/m 3 + Reduction of 20 % of urban background between 2010 and 2020 when PM 2.5 above 7  gr/m 3 (US: 15  gr/m 3,WHO: 10  gr/m 3 annual mean, 25  gr/m 3 daily average) All these limit values hold “everywhere were people can come” example: the sea between Greek Islands

8. Major Air Quality Concerns in EuropeAMGI/EURASAP Workshop, Zagreb, May 24-26, 20078

9. Major Air Quality Concerns in EuropeAMGI/EURASAP Workshop, Zagreb, May 24-26, 20079 Eco-system N-deposition, S-deposition Groundlevel O 3 : AOT40 vegetation May-July, 5 ppm.hours averaged over 5 years AOT= Accumulated O 3 over Threshold 40 ppb (for health also SOMO: O 3 8-hour running mean over 35 ppb)

10. Major Air Quality Concerns in EuropeAMGI/EURASAP Workshop, Zagreb, May 24-26, 200710

11. Major Air Quality Concerns in EuropeAMGI/EURASAP Workshop, Zagreb, May 24-26, 200711

12. Major Air Quality Concerns in EuropeAMGI/EURASAP Workshop, Zagreb, May 24-26, 200712 Possible air quality concerns in Croatia PM10, PM2.5 and NO 2 for health might be the biggest problem PM2.5 has a large component by long range transport PM10 has a substantial component by long range transport NO 2 has a rather small component by long range transport

13. Major Air Quality Concerns in EuropeAMGI/EURASAP Workshop, Zagreb, May 24-26, 200713 Determination of the regional background of PM10/2.5 by modelling and observations By observation: Problem is spatial representativeness and “double counting” By modelling: Problem is underestimation of PM10, and to some extent also PM2.5

14. Major Air Quality Concerns in EuropeAMGI/EURASAP Workshop, Zagreb, May 24-26, 200714 Solution:data assimilation: combining modelling and observations Example:TNO’s 3-D Eulerian Grid Model LOTOS-EUROS with Ensemble Kalman Filter as Data-assimilation Essential:Reliable Emission Data See also www.air4eu.nlwww.air4eu.nl

15. Major Air Quality Concerns in EuropeAMGI/EURASAP Workshop, Zagreb, May 24-26, 200715 Anthropogenic PM2.5 emissions over Europe in 2000 including shipping

16. Major Air Quality Concerns in EuropeAMGI/EURASAP Workshop, Zagreb, May 24-26, 200716

17. Major Air Quality Concerns in EuropeAMGI/EURASAP Workshop, Zagreb, May 24-26, 200717

18. Major Air Quality Concerns in EuropeAMGI/EURASAP Workshop, Zagreb, May 24-26, 200718

19. Major Air Quality Concerns in EuropeAMGI/EURASAP Workshop, Zagreb, May 24-26, 200719 Some remarks about Waste-to-Energy Installations Municipal Waste:1)Avoiding 2)Burning 3)Dumping Most municipal waste burning installations about upto 10 % of the capacity of powerstations (amount of waste about 300.000 ton/year) So, normal emissions like SOx, NOx in the order of 10 % of powerstations

20. Major Air Quality Concerns in EuropeAMGI/EURASAP Workshop, Zagreb, May 24-26, 200720 In the EU:Municipal Waste Burning Directive, Directive 2000/76/EU Largest problem with waste burning:HeavyMetals: Cd, Hg, Pb Dioxines Key-aspect:Monitoring of the installations by responsible authorities Ambient dioxine monitoring for example by content in grass

21. Major Air Quality Concerns in EuropeAMGI/EURASAP Workshop, Zagreb, May 24-26, 200721 Conclusions and Recommendations “A private opinion” PM10 and PM2.5 might well be the largest air quality problem for Croatia Dioxines might well be the largest problem concerning municipal waste burning It is in general recommended to integrate climate and air quality policy