1. Zoology Section 2 Needs of animals Flatworms and round worms Parasites

2. Activities for this section Read 647-653 flat worms and round worms Nematoda Read Old Biology Book about Platyhelminthes Chap 30 Work on worksheets in binder (4 sides) Data Lab pg 652 Parasite WEB QUEST

3. PARASITE WEB QUEST Log on to any computer in the school click on My Computer click on projects on 'tvhs-ad1.tvschools.net' (P:) click on Taylor-Lehman click on Zoology click on webquest.html follow the links QUESTIONS Answer the following questions for each of the five cases presented in the Computer Lab activity. Write complete answers. 1. What is the scientific name of the parasite? (Use the proper format) 2. Hypothesize about the method of infection. 3. How will you treat each client’s disease.

4. GREATEST CONCERNS OF ANIMALS 1.________________________ Solutions –A. _______________________________ –B. be filled with water and limit evaporation (ex. Skin, shell, cuticle) 2. ____________________ Solutions –A. ______________________________ –B. stay moist (oxygen in the air can be absorbed through the skin) –C. have a system to bring oxygen in and distribute it (ex. Gills, lungs) 3. _______________________ Solutions –A. Bring food inside the body to the gut for digestion and … a. have all the cells close to the gut B. have a system to distribute the digested food (ex. Blood stream)

5. GREATEST CONCERNS OF ANIMALS 1.___WATER (remember the importance of water?) ___ Solutions –A. ______________________ –B. be filled with water and limit evaporation (ex. Skin, shell, cuticle) 2. ____________________ Solutions –A. _________ –B. stay moist (oxygen in the air can be absorbed through the skin) –C. have a system to bring oxygen in and distribute it (ex. Gills, lungs) 3. _______________________ Solutions –A. Bring food inside the body to the gut for digestion and … a. have all the cells close to the gut B. have a system to distribute the digested food (ex. Blood stream)

6. GREATEST CONCERNS OF ANIMALS 1.___WATER (remember the importance of water?) ___ Solutions –A. _____stay in the water_________________ –B. be filled with water and limit evaporation (ex. Skin, shell, cuticle) 2. ____________________ Solutions –A. _________ –B. stay moist (oxygen in the air can be absorbed through the skin) –C. have a system to bring oxygen in and distribute it (ex. Gills, lungs) 3. _______________________ Solutions –A. Bring food inside the body to the gut for digestion and … a. have all the cells close to the gut B. have a system to distribute the digested food (ex. Blood stream)

7. GREATEST CONCERNS OF ANIMALS 1.___WATER (remember the importance of water?) ___ Solutions –A. _____stay in the water_________________ –B. be filled with water and limit evaporation (ex. Skin, shell, cuticle) 2. _____OXYGEN_______________ Solutions –A. _________ –B. stay moist (oxygen in the air can be absorbed through the skin) –C. have a system to bring oxygen in and distribute it (ex. Gills, lungs) 3. _______________________ Solutions –A. Bring food inside the body to the gut for digestion and … a. have all the cells close to the gut B. have a system to distribute the digested food (ex. Blood stream)

8. GREATEST CONCERNS OF ANIMALS 1.___WATER (remember the importance of water?) ___ Solutions –A. _____stay in the water_________________ –B. be filled with water and limit evaporation (ex. Skin, shell, cuticle) 2. _____OXYGEN_______________ Solutions –A. __stay in the water (oxygen dissolves in water) _______ –B. stay moist (oxygen in the air can be absorbed through the skin) –C. have a system to bring oxygen in and distribute it (ex. Gills, lungs) 3. _______________________ Solutions –A. Bring food inside the body to the gut for digestion and … a. have all the cells close to the gut B. have a system to distribute the digested food (ex. Blood stream)

9. GREATEST CONCERNS OF ANIMALS 1.___WATER (remember the importance of water?) ___ Solutions –A. _____stay in the water_________________ –B. be filled with water and limit evaporation (ex. Skin, shell, cuticle) 2. _____OXYGEN_______________ Solutions –A. __stay in the water (oxygen dissolves in water) _______ –B. stay moist (oxygen in the air can be absorbed through the skin) –C. have a system to bring oxygen in and distribute it (ex. Gills, lungs) 3. ______FOOD_________________ Solutions –A. Bring food inside the body to the gut for digestion and … a. have all the cells close to the gut B. have a system to distribute the digested food (ex. Blood stream)

10. ANIMAL PHYLA (INVERTEBRATES) I. PORIFERA –sponges II. CNIDARIA- jellyfish,coral

11. III. phylum PLATYHELMINTHES – “flat worms” examples fluke, planaria, tapeworm Examine specimens being passed around the room

12. III. PLATYHELMINTHES – characteristics Bilateral symmetry Aquatic or semi aquatic 3 cell layers (see lab) nervous tissue concentrated at anterior end regeneration hermaphrodites- contain both ovaries and testies asexual reproduction by fragmentation every cell is near the surface of the body (gas exchange)

13. Some cool marine flatworms

14. Although very thin and delicate, flatworms are active carnivores and scavengers, using their proboscis to feed on dead or injured animals and colonial animals such as bryozoans and soft-corals. The worms can quickly glide along the bottom by using the fine hair like cilia which cover their body. When disturbed they can swim for a considerable period of time by throwing the sides of their body into undulating waves.

15. 1. Class Turbellaria- planaria Free living in fresh water See handout

16. –Digestion- Nutrients absorbed by intestinal wall and waste goes out through mouth Muscular pharynx comes out of central mouth to feed - Nervous system: Brain, two nerve cords, and light- sensitive eye spots –Water balance- Water continually enters by osmosis Add to your notes

17. NAMEHOSTSINFECTION SITESYMPTOMS METHOD OF PREVENTION IN HUMANS HOOKWORM ASCARIS TRICHINIA ELEPHANTIASIS WORM TAPEWORM FLUKE "SCHISTOSOMA"

18. 2. Class Trematoda- flukes, “schistosomiasis” See handout about this parasite on humans and snails

19. 3. Class Cestoda- tapeworms Not as much division of labor as in the free living organism No mouth nor digestive system Absorbs nutrients directly from host’s intestines Highly specialized for reproduction

20. still the phylum Platyhelminthes Class Cestoda- Parasitic flatworms (tapeworms) –Suckers and hooks attach to walls of intestines –Food absorbed from host’s intestines directly through the tapeworm’s skin proglottids –Grow by producing a string of rectangular body sections (proglottids) Each proglottid is a reproductive unit Added continually through life May grow up to 12 m (40 ft.) long Most occur in vertebrates Dozen types in humans Taenia saginata- Beef tapeworm –Live in cow muscles in cysts –High temp. kills larvae

21. TAPEWORM LIFE CYCLE cow eats grass contaminated with eggs embryo digs through intestines to blood stream larva develop and burrow into muscle cysts develop in muscle human eats insufficiently cooked meat cyst develops and attaches to intestine wall robs nutrients eggs released in feces

22. SCOLEX EGGS RELEASED FROM PROGLOTTIDS TAPEWORM ATTACHED TO INTESTINAL WALL CYSTS IN MUSCLE OF COW SCOLEX Cow consumes eggs Human consumes cysts

23. Brand new phylum

24. IV. Phylum NEMATODA- “round worms” Examples Ascaris, Trichinella, hookworms Complete digestive system –mouth to anus Free-living Parasites on plants, animals and man (50)

25. 1. HOOKWORM life cycle Hookworms are found in tropical and semitropical regions. Their larva develop in the soil. Entrance of the larva to the human body is through the skin, especially the skin of the feet. Once through the skin the larva enters the person’s blood vessels, traveling through the heart to the lungs. Leaving the lungs, the larva migrates through the windpipe and arrive in the person’s throat. Being swallowed by their host, the larva enters the stomach and continue on, using their jaws to attach themselves to the host’s intestinal walls. The larvae, sucking blood from their host’s intestinal walls, grow into adult worms. A victim usually develops anemia and lowered vitality as a result of blood loss. Adult worms mate and reproduce in the host’s intestines. A great number of eggs are laid by the female and leave the body with the feces. Eggs that are deposited in warm soil develop into larvae and the cycle is ready to be repeated.

26. Blood Heart Lungs Windpipe Intestines

27. 2. TRICHINA WORM The Trichina worm is a parasitic roundworm, which enters a human’s body in the form of dormant larva cysts, imbedded in the muscle of a pig. Trichina larva form dormant cysts in the muscles of pigs, also in dogs, cats and rats. When a person eats a piece of insufficiently cooked pork containing one or more of the live cysts, it is very possible that the person’s digestive system enzymes will dissolve the cysts in the intestines, freeing the larva. The larva in the intestine then grow to mature trichinae worms and produce a new generation of larvae. The new larvae penetrate into the blood and lymph vessels and travel to various body muscles where they form new cysts that can become a very painful disease (TRICHINOSIS). They are difficult to combat or remove because of their microscopic size. These cysts eventually die or in cases where an infected animal is eaten by another anima, the cycle is renewed. VARIOUS RELIGIOUS GROUPS HAVE PROHIBITIONS ON EATING PORK

29. 3. ASCARIS WORM The Ascaris is a non-segmented parasitic round worm. Eggs of the ascaris worms are found in contaminated foods, such as pork, beef, fish, and vegetables. Untreated water may also be contaminated. When contaminated food, improperly cooked, is eaten by humans or other animals, the eggs, upon reaching the intestines will hatch into larvae. The larva bore through the host’s intestinal walls, enter the blood stream and travel to the lungs, through the windpipe and down the host’s throat. Being swallowed by the host, the larvae again reach the small intestines. This entire journey has taken about 10 days. Remaining in the host’s intestine (about 2 months) the larvae grow to maturity. The female worms lay many fertilized eggs (about 20,000 a day) The eggs pass out of the host’s body along with the feces, which, when coming in contact with food, eaten by another susceptible animal, starts the cycle again.

35. 21 3 2 1 3 4 5 6

36. 2 2 1 3 4 5 6

37. NAMEHOSTS INFECTION SITESYMPTOMSMETHOD OF IN HUMANS PREVENTION HOOKWORM eggs in the soil small intestines enters anemia, vomiting wear shoes via the skin or ingestion constipation diarrhea defecate in latrines ASCARIS eggs in water enter by mouth to peritonitis, enlarged liver keep sewage water away small intestines and lungsd and spleen, pneumonia from drinking and irrigation TRICHINIA rats, pigs and humans hatch in stomach to fever and pain cook meat completely cysts in muscle intestines and into muscles ELEPHANTIASIS WORM mosquitos transmits obstruction of lymphatic thickening of skin kill mosquitos filarial worm system TAPEWORM food infected with eggs digestive tract malnutrition, diarrhea wash or cook food abdominal discomfort FLUKE "SCHISTOSOMA" penetrates skin and fever, fatigue, cough kill snails snail Migrates to lungs and liver abdominal pain, diarrhea avoid water with snails

38. Practice problems

42. Topics Name phyla and classes Provide examples of above Contrast features of the 2 phyla Lists sources of parasites List methods of prevention Describe life cycle of hookworm, fluke and tapeworm List adaptations for parasitic life style Study worksheets Anatomy of a planaria and tapeworm

43. 4. The Aswan High Dam across the Nile was completed in 1970. It was built to increase the supply of irrigation water, to control major flooding, and provide a source of hydroelectric power. Since the dam was built, there has been an increase in schistosomiasis in the region. Why do you think this has happened? (3 pts.)