1. Democratisation PI4554 9 th February – 11 th May Dr.Christian W. Haerpfer Reader, PIR

2. Definition of democracy Minimum definition: Democracy = holding of free and competitive multiparty elections Restricted to process of elections and not accounting for democratic character of institutions Not considering democratic performance of political institutions

3. Definition of democracy Maximum definition: 1.Complete democracy 2.Full democracy 3.Liberal democray

4. Definition of democracy Complete democracy: ySeparation of powers yRule of law yCivil society yConstitutionalism yPluralism yHuman and political rights yFreedom of media and expression of opinions

5. Complete and incomplete democracies 2004 Freedom House: 192 countries 73 authoritarian regimes (=38 %) 119 electoral democracies (=62 %) 89 complete or liberal democracies (75 %) 30 incomplete or illiberal democracies (25 %)

6. Theories of Democratization 1.Modernization Theory - Emphasis on social and economic requisites 2.Historical Sociology or Structuralism – Emphasis on changing structures of power 3.Agency or Transition Theories – Emphasis on political processes and elite initiatives 4.Congruence Theory

7. Modernization Theory (MT) Anthony Giddens (1990): MT = linking democratization with globalization within modernization Father of MD: Seymour Martin Lipset (1959) Theory of change M=functionalist and economistic Democracy=outcome of capitalism

8. Modernization Theory Lipset: zMore telephones zMore cars zMore consumption zMore capitalism =Leads to more democracy and democratization

9. Modernization Theory Current authors with MT: Leftwich 1996 + Diamond 1996+1999 zLeftwich: capitalism is producing democracy zDiamond: capitalism + political culture + civil society

10. Structuralism (ST)-Historical Sociology Father of ST: Barrington Moore 1966, Social Origins of Democracy and Dictatorship Updated version of ST: Rueschmeyer, Stephens and Stephens 1992

11. Structuralism: The Bourgeois Revolution 1.Decline of peasants and increase of urban workers 2.Decline of landed class and increase of bourgeoisie 1+2=3. Democracy e.g. UK, France, USA

12. Structuralism: Revolution from above Conservative Modernization, e.g. Germany, Japan 1.Survival of SM peasantry 2.Emergence of commercially-minded landed classes 3.Emergence of centralized and strong state

13. Structuralism: Revolution from Below Modernization by Communism and peasant revolution, e.g. Russia and China 1.Survival of peasantry 2.Weak landed class 3.Absolutist state

14. Transition Theory (TT) Transition or Agency Approach: Democracy = created by political actors, political elites beyond economic, cultural and political structures Father of TT: Dankwart Rustow 1970

15. 3 Phases of Transition Theory (TT) Rustow: 1.Liberalization = preparatory phase 2.Transition = decision phase 3.Consolidation = habituation phase for leaders and citizens

16. Classic Transition Theory (TT) Schmitter & ODonnell & Whitehead 1986: Transitions from Authoritarian Rule Interactions, bargaining between A.Authoritarian leaders B.Democratic opposition

17. Classic Transition Theory (TT) Separation between: 1.Economic cirumstances 2.Political negotiations TT = mainstream of methodology and epistemology of political science

18. Classic Transition Theory (TT) Democratization = process To trace and explain these processes Rational choice version = Przeworski 1991 Agency and interactions of elites

19. Congruence Theory 1.Institutional supply = cultural demand = equilibrium 2.Institutional supply > cultural demand = no further democratization 3.Institutional supply < cultural demand = more democratization Inglehart & Welzel 2005