1. The Scientific Method A method used to gain, organize, and apply new knowledge

2. Beliefs and Values vs Scientific Method Personal decisions vs measurable, physical characteristics

3. Typical Steps in The Scientific Method Question –Observe & recognize a problem Research the problem Hypothesis –A testable proposed solution to the problem Experiment/test –Independent/dependent variables –Control Analyze the Data Conclusion –No!! Yes!! I Don’t Know!

4. Parts of an experiment Independent variable –The thing the experimenter changes Dependent variable –The thing that is observed changing –Changes as a result of the changes to the independent variable Control group –The standard in which all conditions are kept the same Experimental group –The test group in which all conditions are kept the same except for one (the independent variable

5. Types of data Quantitative data –Exact measurements –Numbers with units –Example: 100 O C, 1.5 grams Qualitative data –Descriptions –Example: red liquid, hot, heavy

6. If your conclusion supports your hypothesis, it can become a... Law (Principle) –Hypothesis tested many times and never disproved Example: Law of Gravity Fact –Something about which competent observers agree Example: Eating more calories than you burn off will result in weight gain. Theory –The simplest rule that organizes the hypothesis, prediction, and experimental outcome. –Theory is not the end! Example: Theory of evolution

7. Serendipity (chance discovery)

8. Characteristics of living things

9. Growth The increase in mass or the number of cells (made of cells)

10. Cell division

11. Development The process of natural changes that take place during the life of an organism

12. Reproduction The creation of offspring

13. Stimulus / Response Anything that causes a reaction by an organism The reaction to a stimulus Wilting

14. Organization Arrangement in an orderly way. Potato cells

15. All cells require energy

16. Homeostasis Regulation of an organism’s internal conditions

17. Information (Adaptation) Inherited characteristics that results from changes to a species over time Genetic material DNA

18. Life Span

19. Abiogenesis Read chapter 14 sec. 2 pages 401-407 The Spontaneous Generation hypothesis Earlier notions of abiogenesis, now more commonly known as spontaneous generation, held that complex, living organisms are generated by decaying organic substances, e.g. that mice spontaneously appear in stored grain or maggots spontaneously appear in meat.mice

20. Biogenesis

21. Ch 14.2 Origin of life Oparin’s Chemosynthesis Hypothesis

22. Miller & Urey 1953 Organic Evolution Experimented w/ gases thought to be in the early atmosphere and created amino acids and other organic compounds. Since then, other scientists have refined the process and have produced amino acids, sugars, and nucleic acids (DNA)

23. REDI –Biogenesis pg 401

24. Maggots on cheese cloth

25. Pasteur pg 402 Emperor Napoleon III asked Pasteur to investigate the diseases afflicting wine which were causing considerable economic losses to the wine industry. Pasteur went to a vineyard in Arbois in 1864 to study this problem. He demonstrated that wine diseases are caused by microorganisms that can be killed by heating the wine to 55deg.C for several minutes. Applied to beer and milk, this process, called "pasteurization", soon came into use throughout the world.

26. Louis Pasteur. His discovery that most infectious diseases are caused by germs, known as the "germ theory of disease", (is one of the most important in medical history. His work became the foundation for the science of microbiology, and a cornerstone of modern medicine. )

27. Joseph Lister

28. Joseph Lister used carbonic acid sprays and ether in the operating rooms sterilization

29. Tyndall Experiment

30. Dust in the air contained bacteria and spores. Sterilizing heat killed them

31. Endosymbiosis Hypothesis Engulfing of ‘primitive’ cells and incorporating them into the function of the ‘new’ cell.

32. Microscopes

33. Microscope Practice Know parts for test

34. Microscope Field of View

35. Test over ch 1, 14, & microscope structures and functions