1. . 2-1 Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development Chapter 2 Development in families

2. . The family: a complex, constructed ecology The family is nested within a complex set of political, social, historical and cultural settings The family is an important repository of resources for learning –A family has its own stories, meanings, preoccupations Relationships within the family are multi- dimensional Family relationships change over time Families are broader than the nuclear “ideal” 2-2 Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development

3. . The influential ecology of the family The family sets in place patterns of relationship and learning that will influence how we go on, sometimes through our entire lives Culture lives through family Meanings are presented and developed within and through family life Familiar or habitual ways of behaving, including emoting, relating and interacting, are usually established first in the family 2-3 Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development

4. . Dominating ideas about family There are many powerful beliefs about what is right in family life These ideas vary from culture to culture, and moment to moment in history If people think that their ideas reflect the ‘natural’ order, they will try very hard to maintain that order Developmental psychologists advise on what is ‘normal’ in family life 2-4 Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development

5. . Family as committed relationship Genetic relationship –Your biological parents will always be your biological relatives A place of nurture –What counts as nurture is a focus of study in human development Sharing economic livelihood –Different cultures have different approaches to shared livelihood Families are held together by emotional ties –In some cultures (but not all), love is the foundation of the family, and holds it together Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development 2-5

6. . Whanaungatanga: maintaining common history and identity Ancestral connections to land (tūrangawaewae) Iwi connections: whakapapa (genealogy) Common language (A.Durie, 1997) Manaaki : the capacity for care and respect of every member Tohatohatia: the capacity to share, generosity Whakamana: empowering its members Whakatakoto tikanga: envisioning the future (M.Durie, 1997) Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development 2-6

7. . Levels of relationship in Māoridom Iwi: a people, tribe or nation; persons with shared ancestry and history Hapū: an extended family grouping Whānau: group of people who relate closely to one another Whāngai: to adopt a child from within the broader whānau; a person adopted into the whānau Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development 2-7

8. . Iwi roles and responsibilities Kaumātua: responsible elder Kuia: elder woman Mātua: adult, father (signal of respect) Pakeke: adult, worker Rangatahi: youth, younger person Tuakana: elder brother (of a male), elder sister (of female) Teina: younger brother (of a male), younger sister (of a female) Tamaiti: child Tamariki: children Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development 2-8

9. . Demography of Māori whānau Before 1960, average 6+ births per wahine Fewer marriages per head of population By 1990, down to about 2, similar to Pākehā women 2000s 2.6+ births per wahine Median age of giving birth 26 years Median age for Pākehā women: 30 years, and average less than 2 births per woman. In 2006, tamaiti aged under 15 >35% of Māori population in Aotearoa (compared with 20% for Pākehā) Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development 2-9

10. . Social changes and the family in NZ Families are spread around the country and around the world Lengthening lifespan means more generations are alive at the same time More women are going out to work Child-bearing and child-rearing are taking a smaller proportion of a woman’s lifespan Many nuclear families have two parents in the paid work force Single person households, and households with one parent and children, are increasing Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development 2-10

11. . What is best for families? More mothers are working outside the home More families have both parents in paid work More generations are alive at the same time BUT There are more single person households Fewer families where the mother stays home and the father goes out to work There are more single parent families Most single parent families are led by a woman at or approaching mid-life Many children live in poverty Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development 2-11

12. . Effects of immigration Immigration means adjustment – but we don’t all want to lose our culture of origin Intergenerational families are more common in ‘less-developed’ countries Attitudes differ in whether children in the family are expected to contribute to the family business Immigration may mean some generations are left behind This can also happen when young people leave Aotearoa and settle elsewhere Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development 2-12

13. . Influential theories of development Does the nuclear family form serve development better than other forms? Theorists Freud and Erikson have helped support the idea that what happens to you in childhood has an enduring influence on who you will become Most Euro-Western cultures accept that quality of relationships within families is important Understanding of ‘quality’ relationship is a cultural construct Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development 2-13

14. . Maternal deprivation Concept proposed by John Bowlby –Studies of displaced and homeless children in two world wars –Children were often kept lying in cots –Distress of these children was ascribed to lack of mothering Can you think of other reasons why these children would be distressed? Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development 2-14

15. . Theory of attachment Attachment forms the basis for development: –To develop a sense of self (individuation) –To become socially competent –To be assured enough to explore their environment Tests for attachment include: –Strange situation experiment Children may be categorised as: –Securely attached –Avoidant –Ambivalent or resistant Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development 2-15

16. . Developments in attachment theory These traits are seen as patterns of relating with others Recently hypothesised to persist into adulthood Possibly reflected in patterns of intimate relating Bonds with significant others are often seen as lacking in young offenders Developing the capacity for attachment has become a therapeutic goal in clinical work with offenders Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development 2-16

17. . Critiques of attachment theory Many cultures expect responsibility for children’s upbringing to be shared This includes working class families who often share care of children Many children in middle and upper class 19 th century England were brought up by nannies or in boarding schools Children may have several significant others Quality of care is found to be more important than who is doing the caring Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development 2-17

18. . Fathers Research continues to suggest that mothers spend more time than fathers caring for children How to offer quality care is learned Both mothers and fathers can learn how to care for even very small children We do not espouse the idea that mothers have a genetic or ethological advantage Fathers can be good ‘mothers’! Fathers’ role in children’s lives is related to structures of paid work in society Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development 2-18

19. . Do families ‘break down’? The idea that families work best with a mother and a father in the same home may be correct It has been found that conflict in families is more destructive of children’s well-being than the presence of both parents Children can recover well from separation and divorce of their parents Parents will always be the parents of their children The quality of parents’ cooperation (or lack of it) after separation affects the children more than the separation itself Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development 2-19

20. . Different family forms There are many different kinds of family Couples without children can be the target of social pressure There is no evidence to suggest that children growing up in “Rainbow” families are deprived Single parent families are often under stress because of lack of income (see also chapter 10) Single parent families can be just as healthy or unhealthy an environment for children as two parent families The quality of care is important Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development 2-20

21. . Complex constructionist ecology Developmental outcomes are the result of complex interactions in families and outside them Complexity: within the family there are many different relationships and many influences at work Thinking ecologically: the family is nested within a complex of other networks of relationship The quality of care for children is the primary issue in developmental outcomes Development is constructed. Mothering and fathering are products of multiple influences; quality of parenting is not inevitable or ‘natural’. 2-21 Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development