1. Literature as Content for ESL/EFL

2. What makes literary texts unique is that in literature the what and how of the text are inseparable. Works of literature make literature valuable for extending learner’s awareness that how they say something is important in two ways. First, how something is said often contributes to speakers’ achieving their purpose in communication; and second, in deciding how something is said, speakers often communicate something about themselves—they establish their voice.

3. Literary texts Rosenblatt (1978) defines literary texts primarily in terms of how readers interact with the. A text is merely an object of paper and ink until a reader interacts with it. See p. 321 Comparing two short stories

4. Language learning styles and strategies Learning style is the biologically and developmentally imposed set of characteristics that make the same teaching method wonderful for some and terrible for others. Learning strategies are specific actions, behaviors, steps, or techniques—such as seeking out conversation partners, or giving one-self encouragement---use by students to enhance their own learning

5. Building awareness and practical skills to facilitate cross-cultural communication Becoming proficient and effective communicators, learners need to attain second language sociocultural competence. The visible and invisible culture Teaching cross-cultural awareness in the language classroom

6. Action research, teacher research, and classroom research in language teaching Action research is often conducted by teachers in language classroom. In addition, it focuses on particular features of classroom interaction. See the figure on p. 491