1. The Mission to Colonize Mars A home away from home… (Yes, I know there aren’t oceans on Mars, but come on…the background looks cool)

2. Outline Introduction Introduction –Background information Why do we want to try this? Why do we want to try this? How do we plan on getting there? How do we plan on getting there? How do we make it inhabitable? How do we make it inhabitable? Is it possible? Will it happen? Is it possible? Will it happen? Conclusion Conclusion

3. Introduction Originally observed as a red star – represented evil and war Originally observed as a red star – represented evil and war Became the focus of science fiction Became the focus of science fiction –Stimulated public interest Mariner 3 sent to Mars – 1964 Mariner 3 sent to Mars – 1964 Viking landers map surface – 1975 Viking landers map surface – 1975 –No evidence of life Mars pathfinder – 1997 Mars pathfinder – 1997 Meteorite from Mars – signs of life Meteorite from Mars – signs of life Images of the Pathfinder landing site

4. Why do we want to try? Earth may someday become uninhabitable Earth may someday become uninhabitable –Overpopulation, resources, environment Information about the universe and life Information about the universe and life –Implications on our place in the universe Larger frontier and different environment Larger frontier and different environment Developments that may change the way we live Developments that may change the way we live Symbolism of the advancement and cooperation of mankind Symbolism of the advancement and cooperation of mankind Job opportunities and global economy Job opportunities and global economy

5. How do we plan to get there? Need: way to get there, place to stay, way to get back Need: way to get there, place to stay, way to get back –Fuel, food, air 1 st year: Send 1 or 2 unmanned ships 1 st year: Send 1 or 2 unmanned ships –MAV(Mars Ascent Vehicle), ERV(Earth Return Vehicle), and an unmanned habitat 3 rd year: Send 1 or 2 unmanned, 1 manned 3 rd year: Send 1 or 2 unmanned, 1 manned –Same first ships, last contains four astronauts 5 th year and every odd year after: repeat 5 th year and every odd year after: repeat –Continuous habitation on Mars MAV produces it’s own fuel from the atmosphere (Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen -> Methane) MAV produces it’s own fuel from the atmosphere (Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen -> Methane) Other options: Brute force (one huge ship with everything), one-way trip (astronauts never return) Other options: Brute force (one huge ship with everything), one-way trip (astronauts never return) Diagram of the possible missions to mars discussed (Orbital Rendezvous with in-situ (on site) propellants ).

6. How can Mars become habitable? Problems: Problems: –Only known water sources in ice caps and permafrost beneath the surface –Cannot breathe in current atmosphere –Weather is much too harsh (average of -60 degree Celsius temperature, for example) Solutions: Solutions: –Release manufactured greenhouse gases Temperature raises to 0 degrees Celsius and higher Temperature raises to 0 degrees Celsius and higher Frozen carbon dioxide sublimes to gas, increasing pressure and raising temperature Frozen carbon dioxide sublimes to gas, increasing pressure and raising temperature Water melts, causing a hydrological cycle Water melts, causing a hydrological cycle –Microbes released to form a biosphere and produce oxygen Moss and plant life begins Moss and plant life begins Timeline diagram from left to right of the terraformation of Mars

7. Is it possible, and will it happen? Based on current ideas and research, it is highly possible. Based on current ideas and research, it is highly possible. Opposition in the form of cost, purpose, and risk. Opposition in the form of cost, purpose, and risk. –Originally estimated at $450 billion, now estimated between $20 - $50 billion for three missions. –Can make it significantly less risky by use of in-situ propellant and orbital rendezvous. Plan on making manned-missions Plan on making manned-missions –http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mer/mission/timeline.html for timelines and information http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mer/mission/timeline.html Some say it will take no more than 100 years to terraform, some say almost 1 million. Either way, it will probably be several decades from now, at least, before we might begin. Some say it will take no more than 100 years to terraform, some say almost 1 million. Either way, it will probably be several decades from now, at least, before we might begin.

8. Conclusion Colonization of Mars is certainly possible, and definitely a consideration for the future. Colonization of Mars is certainly possible, and definitely a consideration for the future. There are many reasons for colonizing Mars, some very practical. There are many reasons for colonizing Mars, some very practical. Though colonization will not likely be seen in our lifetime, the future could hold a new Earth-like planet, colonized the surface-over by humans. Though colonization will not likely be seen in our lifetime, the future could hold a new Earth-like planet, colonized the surface-over by humans.

9. References http://www.ibiblio.org/astrobiology/index.php?p age=mars03’ http://www.ibiblio.org/astrobiology/index.php?p age=mars03’ http://www.ibiblio.org/astrobiology/index.php?p age=mars03 http://www.ibiblio.org/astrobiology/index.php?p age=mars03 http://www.ucls.uchicago.edu/MartianSunTimes/ http://www.ucls.uchicago.edu/MartianSunTimes/ http://www.ucls.uchicago.edu/MartianSunTimes/ http://www.ibiblio.org/astrobiology/index.php?p age=mars04 http://www.ibiblio.org/astrobiology/index.php?p age=mars04 http://www.ibiblio.org/astrobiology/index.php?p age=mars04 http://www.ibiblio.org/astrobiology/index.php?p age=mars04 http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/MPF/index0.html http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/MPF/index0.html http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/MPF/index0.html http://www- geology.ucdavis.edu/~GEL36/GEL36Honors01/c ost/cost.html http://www- geology.ucdavis.edu/~GEL36/GEL36Honors01/c ost/cost.html http://www- geology.ucdavis.edu/~GEL36/GEL36Honors01/c ost/cost.html http://www- geology.ucdavis.edu/~GEL36/GEL36Honors01/c ost/cost.html