1. Age Of Exploration and Expansion
Chapter 13
Miss Mayer

2. 13.1 Overview 15th Century Europeans began to explore the world.
Portugal, Spain, the Dutch Republic and England reached new economic heights through world trade.

3. Vocabulary Conquistadors – Spanish conquerors of the Americans
Colony – A settlement of people living in a new territory, linked with the parent country by trade and direct government control.
Mercantilism – A set of principles that dominated economic thought in the 17th century.
Balance of Trade – Difference in value between what a nation imports and what it exports over time.

4. Exploration and Expansion 1500-1800
Europeans had been interested in Asia for a long time.
Interest peaked during the Renaissance because of the want for exotic items.

5. Motives 3 Motives Gold Glory God Riches Jewels Spices Textiles
First person to reach a new land
Higher Social Status
God
Missionaries
Spread Religion – More Followers = More Power

6. New Maritime Technologies
Better Maps
Hartman Astrolabe (1532)
Mariner’s Compass
Sextant

7. Portuguese
Sail East
Lead the way in exploration-explore Africa in 1400’s
Name West Africa the “Gold Coast”
Vasco da Gama sails around “cape of good hope” to India
1498-Arrives in Calicut, gets spices, makes a profit of several thousand percent
1507 Portuguese fleet of warships defeats a fleet of Indian and Turkish ships to gain control of strategic ports

8. Spanish
Sail West
Establish an overseas empire (Portuguese only set up trading posts).
Spanish were there to inhabit and occupy the land as opposed to profit only.

9. Columbus Believed the world was round and not flat.
Did not know how big oceans were, how big continents were, or that North and South America existed.
Columbus underestimates the size of the earth.
Convinces Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain to fund a westward voyage to Asia.
Columbus is of Italian ethnicity but sails under the Spanish Flag

10. Columbus

11. 1492 – Columbus Sails…
Explores the Island of Hispaniola and the Cuban coast.
4 voyages total exploring the area-calls it the Indies until the day he dies even though everyone knew it was not by then.
Columbus finds modern day Caribbean Islands.
Assumes the natives are Indian based on the color of their skin.

12. A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492

13. 1492 – Columbus Sails… The Arawak – Tribe from the Caribbean Islands
Crowd around Columbus’s ship in amazement when he arrives.
Columbus immediately detains some natives and tries to get them to tell him where the gold is—he promised the king and queen of Spain riches.

14. Arawak

15. Line of Demarcation
Line down Atlantic Ocean dividing undiscovered territories between Portugal and Spain.
Territories East-Portugal, Territories west-Spain.
Explorers now race to discover new territories.
This is why South America speaks both Spanish and Portuguese.

16. Line of Demarcation

17. Amerigo Vespucci
Letters he wrote on his travels to South America made him famous, continent named after him.
America and Amerigo sound very similar…
Writings became historical evidence of what travel and sea life was like.

18. John Cabot
Explored the New England coastline of the Americas for England.

19. Spanish Empire Conquistadors—swiftly defeated natives
Cortez overthrows Aztecs in three years
Francisco Defeats the Inca
Portugal gets Brazil—other side of line of Demarcation
Natives were put to work in gold and silver mines—labor, starvation, and disease
Native population on Hispaniola goes from 250,000 to 500 in about 50 years

20. Conquistadors

21. Economic Impact Europeans go crazy for gold/riches in Americas.
The supply is low but the demand is very high.
Allows for successful explorers to make a huge profit.
Completely changes trade—new network between Europe and Americas.
Faster and shorter route.

22. Ferdinand Magellan
Helped the Spanish establish themselves in the Philippine Islands.
Magellan's expedition of 1519–1522 became the first expedition to sail from the Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific Ocean
Then named "peaceful sea" by Magellan
The passage being made via the Strait of Magellan and the first to cross the Pacific.
Also completed the first circumnavigation of the Earth

23. Ferdinand Magellan

24. English – Dutch - French
1500’s and 1600’s these countries join the competition.
Dutch are 1st to inhabit the Northeast of North America.
By 1700 English take control of the area and re-name the colony of New Netherland, New York.
French sought wealth in the fur trade.
English sought colonization and land expansion.
Dutch sought riches.

25. New Colonial Rivals
Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.
Spain in Asia  consolidated its holdings in the Philippines.
First English expedition to the Indies in 1591.
Surat in NW India in 1608.
Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

26. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Official European Colony!
Explorers
Conquistadores
Official European Colony!
Missionaries
Permanent Settlers

27. Impact of European Expansion
Native populations ravaged by disease.
Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate. [“Price Revolution”]
New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].
Deepened colonial rivalries.

28. The Columbian exchange
Teacher notes
The Old World is Europe, Africa and Asia; the New World is the Americas. Broadly speaking they are also the Eastern and Western hemispheres. The names come from the world known to the people of Europe during the middle ages (the Old World) and the land that they newly discovered (the New World). Although diseases existed in both the Old and the New World, far more diseases were brought from Europe to the Americas and they had a far greater impact on the Native American population. Smallpox in particular was devastating.
In the game, the first team to score five points wins. However, there are twenty different items so you may wish to play the game more than once in order to see them all.
Items originating from the Old World:
bananas
citrus fruits
coffee
cow
disease
honey bee
horse
pig
sheep
sugar cane
wheat.
Items originating from the New World:
cocoa beans
corn
peanuts
peppers
potatoes
rubber
sunflowers
tobacco
tomatoes
turkey.

29. 13.2 Africa In An Age of Transition
European expansion affected Africa with the dramatic increase of the slave trade.
Traditional political systems and cultures continued to exist in most of Africa.

30. Vocabulary
Plantation – Large agricultural estates typically worked by slaves.
Triangular Trade – Trade route that connected Europe, Africa and the Americas.
Middle Passage – Middle portion of the Triangular Trade route, majority of slaves were transported in this route.

31. Slavery Slavery existed in many countries such as;
England
Southwest Asia
Africa
Since countries were expanding during exploration, slavery increased dramatically.

32. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

33. The Slave Trade Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans.
Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans.
Sugar cane & sugar plantations.
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518.
275,000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries.
Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

34. Slave Ship
“Middle Passage”

35. “Coffin” Position Below Deck

36. African Captives Thrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships!

37. Sources of Slaves
Local African rulers began to worry about the Europeans taking slaves from their communities. Population would drop significantly.
King Alfonso of Congo worked with European nations to sell slaves – he received a large profit.

38. Effects of the Slave Trade
Benin in West Africa was eliminated because of the slave trade.
The entire tribe was destroyed and traded around the Triangular Trade Route.

39. 13.3 Southeast Asia in the Era of the Spice Trade
The Portuguese occupied the Moluccas in search of spices but were pushed out by the Dutch.
The arrival of the Europeans greatly impacted the Malay Peninsula.

40. Vocabulary
Mainland States – Part of the continent, as distinguished from peninsulas or offshore islands.
Bureaucracy – A body of non-elective government officials.

41. Emerging Mainland States
Conflicts did erupt between the emerging states.
Burma and Thailand clashed.
The Vietnamese began their “March to the South.”
By the end of the fifteenth century, they subdued the rival state of Champa.
They then took control of the Mekong delta from the Khmer, a monarchy that virtually disappeared by 1800.

42. Emerging Mainland States
The major impact of Islam came in the fifteenth century with the rise of the new sultanate at Melaka.
Melaka was powerful because of its strategic location and the spice trade’s rapid growth.
Melaka soon became the leading power in the region.

43. The Arrival of Europeans
In 1511, the Portuguese seized Melaka and soon occupied the Moluccas, or Spice Islands.
They were the chief source of the spices that attracted the Portuguese to the Indian Ocean.

44. The Arrival of Europeans
The European success in creating trading empires in the East and conquering the Americas owed much to the use of gunpowder and cannons.
For example, the heavy cannon of the Portuguese ships made defeating the lighter Muslim fleets easy. 
The Ottoman and Safavid Empires also used gunpowder effectively, causing historians to label them and others “gunpowder empires.”

45. Religious and Political Systems
Islam and Christianity made converts in the non-mainland states and the Philippines.
Javanese kingship was rooted in Indian political traditions.
Like Buddhist kings, Javanese rulers were believed to have a sacred quality, maintaining the balance between the material and spiritual worlds

46. Religious and Political Systems
The Vietnamese emperor ruled by Confucian principles.
He was seen as a mortal appointed by Heaven to rule because of his talent and virtue.
He also was an intermediary between Heaven and Earth.