1. The Silk Road Early Globalization

3. The Silk Road ► The Silk Road, is an interconnected series of ancient trade routes through various regions of the Asian continent, mainly connecting Xi'an in China, with Asia Minor and the Mediterranean.

5. Ancient Trade Routes ► The ancient peoples of the Sahara imported domesticated animals from Asia between 7500 and 4000 BC.

6. Western Expansion ► The first major step in opening the Silk Road between the East and the West came with the expansion of Alexander the Great’s empire into Central Asia.

7. Alexander the Great 356-323 BC

8. ► Alexander, was an ancient Greek king and was undefeated in battle. By the time of his death, he had conquered most of the world known to the ancient Greeks.

9. Alexander the Great 356-323 BC ► Alexander integrated foreigners into his army, leading some scholars to credit him with a "policy of fusion.”

10. Numerical Symbols Historical Globalization

11. Where did our number system come from?

12. Find the similarities.

13. Hindu-Arabic Numerals ► The symbols for 1 to 9 in the Hindu-Arabic numeral system evolved from the Brahmi numerals. Buddhist inscriptions from around 300 BC.

14. Hindu-Arabic Numerals ► The European acceptance of the numerals was accelerated by the invention of the printing press, and they became commonly known during the 15th century.

15. Mercantilism “Economic system that operated between the 16th and 19th century which encouraged nations to keep Gold in the country by purchasing few products from other nations. Most international business was sponsored by the Crown ( the monarchs) and involved importing natural resources from the nations Colonial holdings. Contributed to Imperialism”

16. Economic Terms ► “Tariff” and “traffic” are Arabic Words. ► A tax on imported goods. It is also called a customs duty. Tariffs may be distinguished from other taxes in that their predominant purpose is not financial but economic—not to increase a nation's revenue but to protect domestic industries from foreign competition

17. Mercantilism ► Mercantilism suggests that the ruling government should advance these goals by playing a protectionist role in the economy, by encouraging exports and discouraging imports, especially through the use of tariffs.

18. Mercantilism ► Mercantilism is a Eurocentric phenomenon, that is, it placed the benefits of Europe above all else.

19. The Dutch East India Company ► The Dutch East India Company was established in 1602, when the States- General of the Netherlands granted it a 21-year monopoly to carry out colonial activities in Asia.

20. The Dutch East India Company ► It was the first multinational corporation in the world and the first company to issue stock.

21. Capitalism Salve lucrum! Lucrum gaudium! - Ancient Roman saying

22. What values underlie capitalism? ► Salve lucrum! Lucrum gaudium! ► “Hail profit! Profit is joy!”

23. Capitalism ► Capitalism refers to an economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit, and are determined through the operation of a market economy.

24. Adam Smith (1723-1790) ► The Wealth of Nations, provided one of the best-known intellectual rationales for free trade and capitalism. ► Self-interest alone can lead to socially beneficial results. Ie. The invisible hand.

25. Key Ideas Behind Capitalism 1) Individual initiative and the desire for profit motivate people to work. 2) People compete for their own self interest. 3) Individuals have the right to own property and to accumulate wealth. 4) Production and ownership of the goods of a country should be in the hands of private individuals and companies.

26. Flaws in Capitalism ► Who would have pushed for laws supporting capitalism? ► What are some alternative economic system to capitalism? ► What countries or figures are linked to these systems?

27. Alternative Economic Systems ► Communism: an economic system in which all people work for government-owned and run enterprises. ► Communistic theory suggests that the government should act as a protector to its citizens to avoid exploitation (the use of a person or group for selfish purposes).

28. Karl Marx ► Marx believed that capitalism would be displaced by radical socialism which in turn would develop into a communism - a classless society. ► The Communist Manifesto

29. John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) ► Although Mill believed in free markets, he also believed that government should enact laws to protect workers.

30. Communism in Practice ► Communist countries:  Russia  China  Cuba ► For the Chinese “Jumping into the sea” is an expression that means leaving a safe, government job for high-paying but risky one. ► Many experts believe communism has failed, why do you think this is so?

31. The Industrial Revolution

32. Industrial Revolution ► The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. ► In the later half of the 1700s the manual labour based economy of Great Britain began to be replaced by one dominated by industry and the manufacture of machinery. ► It started with the mechanization of the textile industries.

33. Inventions ► The development of the steam engine was an essential early element of the Industrial Revolution.

34. Inventions ► British textile manufacture was based on wool which was processed by individual artisans, doing the spinning and weaving on their own premises. This system is called a cottage industry.

35. The Effects on the Working People Write in your notes ► Q: How did industrialization impact the lives of average people?  (Think about work and family relations)

36. The Effects on the Working People ► “the old relations between masters and workers disappeared, and a cash nexus (the exchange of money) was substituted for the human tie” In other words money and things became more important then people. ► Matthew Crabtree: Worked from age 8, 14-16 hrs/day

37. Imperialism and Eurocentrism

38. Q: Which Nations were at the forefront of colonialism? (Beware of teleological thinking!)

39. Colonialism ► European colonialism began in the 15th century, with Portugal's conquest of Ceuta (Spain). ► Q: What, do you think motivated Spain to colonize Ceuta?

40. Ceuta ► The primary aims of the conquest were to expel Muslim influence from the area, further promoting Christianity. ► Q: How can colonialism be linked to the crusades of the middle ages?

41. Colonialism ► Colonialism was led by Portuguese and Spanish exploration of the Americas, and the coasts of Africa, the Middle East, India, and East Asia. Despite some earlier attempts, it was not until the 17th century that England, France and the Netherlands successfully established their own overseas empires.

42. "The Plumb-Pudding in Danger"

43. England (Pitt) and France (Napoleon) carve up the world 1805 ► What are your first impressions of this cartoon? ► What are the implied relationships among the peoples of the world?

44. Three Forms of Imperialism ► 1) Colony: a territory that belonged to a European country; it was completely subject to that European country.

45. Three Forms of Imperialism ► 2) Protectorate: an area that maintained its own sovereignty but was guided by a European country.

46. Three Forms of Imperialism ► 3) Sphere of Influence: a region in which a European country attempted to control both politics and economies.

47. Aspects of Globalization ► These aspects of historical globalization all combined to make imperialism possible:  International trade  Mercantilism  Capitalism  Industrialization

48. The World in 1900

49. Homework ► Page 156 ► Question 3 (Answer four sub-questions)