1. Classical Civilizations Trade Patterns and Contacts

2. Transregional Trade Patterns and Contacts  Intensification and expansion during this period  Often controlled by nomads  Regions of the world becoming increasingly dependent on one another  Three large networks develop ◦Silk Road ◦Indian Ocean Trade ◦Saharan Trade

3. Key Concept 2.3 Emergence of Transregional Networks of Communication and Exchange  Silk Roads Land based trade routes Extended from Xi’an in China to eastern Mediterranean late 2 nd C BCE General Zhang Jian discovered heavenly horses that were better than those bred in China across the Tarim Basin Chinese had many goods to trade; found something they could trade for Chinese monopoly on silk (desirable and expensive) Goods Traded ■ From E. Asia to W: Silk, horses, spices, furs, rice,, porcelain ■ From S Asia to E & W: cotton, spices, sandal wood, rice ■ From C. Asia to E, W & S: dates, almonds, fruit, camels, horses ■ From points west (Med. Sea): glass, gold, olive oil, perfumes Technology: qanat system (irrigation, transports water from below ground to surface in arid regions – C. Asia to SW Asia) Goods, ideas, customs, and religions traveled the roads Buddhism spreads from India to China to Korea to Japan Disease spreads (Black Death/Plague)

4.  People already traded along the Red Sea and along the Arabian Peninsula but we see routes connect to create vast trade network. ◦ Products include: ivory (Africa, India, Mesopotamia), frankincense and myrrh (S. Arabia), pearls (Persian Gulf), spices (India and SE Asia), manufactured goods and pottery (China)  Indian Ocean Trade Largest sea routes until 1400s Connected SE Asia, China, Africa, Middle East and South Asia Traveled in three legs: SE China to SE Asia SE Asia to E. India W. India to Red Sea and E. Africa Depended on monsoon winds New technology ■ Dhows – small but seaworthy trading ships used by Arab merchants ■ Lateen sail - triangular Transregional Trade Patterns and Contacts: The Indian Ocean Maritime Systems

5. Indian Ocean Trade and Silk Roads

6. Comparison: Technology Mediterranean SeaIndian Ocean  Calm – sails had to be designed to catch the winds; large, square sails were developed  Ships with three tiers of oars to move the vessels (Greek trireme)  Ships nailed together  Ships stayed near shore due to unreliable winds  Strong seasonal monsoons – used lateen sail; triangular for maneuverability.  No need for oars  Smaller boats w/planks tied by palm fibers  Ships traveled long distances across water

7.  Sahara previously a barrier but this changed with the introduction of the camel  Traded desert salt for kola nuts and palm oil from the south  Extensive trade routes connected different areas of Sub-Saharan Africa; easy to tie into E. African trade Goods Traded ■ From Africa: Gold, salt, ivory, animal hides and slaves ■ From Med.: dates, cotton, dyes, cloth, leather, glass Transregional Trade Patterns and Contacts: The Saharan Trade

8. Key Concept 2.3 Emergence of Transregional Networks of Communication and Exchange  Notable Trade Routes Mediterranean Sea (Greeks, Phoenicians, Burburs) Sub-Saharan Trade Routes (Bantus connect sub-Saharan Africa to E. Africa) Black Sea  Who’s Missing? The Americas Why? Smaller scale trade, fewer large domestic animals, no wheel, geography N-S made trade difficult Mayan and Teotihuacan in Mesoamerica and within Moche