1. With the increase of trade; demand and localized trade networks develop

2.  Eurasian Silk Road  Trans-Saharan Caravan routes  Indian Ocean Sea lanes  Mediterranean Sea Lanes

3.  Domesticated pack animals transport goods across longer routes  Yokes  Saddles  Stirrups  Animals include: Horses, Oxen, Llamas, and Camels

4.  Lanteen sail  Dhow Ships

5. Helped make use of the monsoon winds to travel faster

6. More streamlined

7.  The qanat system- is a water management system used to provide a reliable supply of water for human settlements and irrigation in hot, arid and semi-arid climates.  Qanats are constructed as a series of well-like vertical shafts, connected by gently sloping tunnels. Qanats tap into subterranean water in a manner that efficiently delivers large quantities of water to the surface without need for pumping.

8. Series of Shafts and tunnels

9. ROMAN EMPIRECHINESE EMPIRE  The Antonine Plague, AD 165–180 caused up to 2,000 deaths a day in Rome, one quarter of those infected. [3] Total deaths have been estimated at five million. [4] The disease killed as much as one-third of the population in some areas and decimated the Roman army. [5]  Epidemic disease came later to China than to Rome but still had the same negative impact on classical Chinese society.