1. The New Science of Life Chapter 24 Great Idea: Our new understanding of genetic mechanisms is leading to enormous technological advances in medicine and other aspects of our lives.

2. Chapter Outline The Technology of Genes Stem Cells, Cloning, and Regenerative Medicine The New Face of Medicine Unraveling the Past: Mitochondrial DNA

3. The Technology of Genes

4. Genetic Engineering Genetic engineering –Foreign genes inserted –Existing genes altered Technique –Restriction enzymes cut DNA –Another DNA strand binds –New gene is expressed Examples –Insulin –Agriculture GMO –DOA –FDA –EPA Bioterrorism

6. DNA Fingerprinting DNA fingerprinting –Analysis of DNA in human tissue –Uses identify criminals identify victims Process –Analyze DNA sections for repeats –Compare to individual of interest VNTR STR

7. Stem Cells, Cloning, and Regenerative Medicine

8. Gene Control –Genes on or off –Produce only copies Early development –Pluripotent Develop into any cell in body Development –Blastocyst Outer cells: placenta Inner cells: embryonic stem cells –Gastrula Not pluripotent Differentiation –Adulthood Somatic or adult stem cells Stem Cell Line –Reproduce without differentiation

9. The New Face of Medicine

10. Computer-Assisted Drug Design Medicine –One or more molecules –Bond to specific molecules –Change cellular chemistry Research –Previous Search in nature –Current Use molecular techniques Design drugs from scratch CADD –Example Protease inhibitors

11. Cancer-A Different Kind of Genetic Disease Normal Cell –guardianship Cancer –Cells reproduce without restraint Due to genetic defect Usually 5-6 damaged genes –Collection of diseases Genetic defects –Increase cancer probability –Lifetime risk >80% Cure –Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy –Gene therapy

12. Gene Therapy Gene therapy –Replace defective gene with healthy gene –In vivo –In vitro Example –SCID Problems –Genes inserted randomly –No proteins made Therapeutic viruses

13. DNA Repair in the Cell Damage –Outside cell Human developed Nature –Inside cell Repair mechanisms –Point defect Enzymes remove section –Mismatch Remove length of DNA Reconstruct section

14. Unraveling the Past: Mitochondrial DNA

15. Mitochondria –Independent DNA (mtDNA) –Single loop –37 genes –Non-coding section 1000 base pairs Use to study human evolution –All mitochondria from mother