6. Movement of our Continents 1.) CLIMATE 2.) Species can move-Adaptation 3.) Natural Disasters-Mass Extinction Leads to the theory of evolution! Speciation= new species-members are isolated and adapted, so they can no longer produce offspring. Geographical Isolation  Reproductive Isolation http://news.discovery.com/dinosaurs/frilly-horned- dinosaur-utah.html

7. Evolutionary Convergence- describes the acquisition of the same biological trait in unrelated lineages Evolutionary Divergence-is the accumulation of differences between groups which can lead to the formation of new species, usually a result of diffusion of the same species adapting to different environments, leading to natural selection defining the success of specific mutations. Microevolution VS. Macroevolution Analogous -similar in features and function-not in structure (wings: bird vs. insect) Homologous-two anatomical or behavior which originated from a structure of a common ancestor.

8. NATURAL SELECTION VS. ARTIFICAL SELECTION better survival traits will become Human perferred Traits more prevalant in future populations. 1.) Genetic Engineering 1.) Genetic Variablity 2.) Recombinant DNA 2.) Heritable GMO’s/Transgenic 3.) Differential Reproduction - CO-EVOLUTION - Hybridization

10. Genetic Drift Leads to the change in allele frequencies Genotypes/Phenotypes/Gene Pool Hardy–Weinberg law : states that both allele and genotype frequencies in a population remain constant—that is, they are in equilibrium—from generation to generation unless specific disturbing influences are introduced. Non-random mating Mutations Limited population size Random Genetic Drift (migration/emigration)

11. Species Richness Shannon Index-species equation used to indicate the number of species and the evenness of space

12. Peppered Moth-Pre industrial revolution (white) Post (black)

14. Adapt, Migrate, or Extinction! About 99.9% of all species are extinct Endemic Species-found in one area Background Extinction: Disappearance at a low rate Mass Extinction (Depletion): Catastrophe *Speciation-Extinction=Biodiverstiy Holocene Extinction-Humans HIPPO

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