1. Federalism and intergovernmentalism

2. Federalism Many schemes Grotius, Wm. Penn, Sully USA : Kant Rousseau, de Tocqueville Switzerland 1945 + …… The Hague 1948 federalist phase

3. Nature of federalism Dual nature Preston King constitutional entrenched Wheare single independent authority for the whole area … independent regional authorities for other matters End situation Distribution : can vary POLITICS

4. Things to look out for in EU Constitution Supreme court Laws that bind Assembly International actor Tax – budget – revenue loyalty

5. Intergovernmentalism Thatcher willing and active cooperation between independent sovereign states Nicoll and Salmon preserves the authority of member states..unanimity Laffan do not create a centre of power and authority independent of the participating states

6. Things to look out for in EU Pillars IGCs Ratification Unanimity Subsidiarity Enhanced cooperation European Council