1. The Human Body: An Orientation Ch1
Learning Goals:
An overview of A & P
1. Define anatomy & physiology.
2. Explain how anatomy & physiology are related.
Levels of structure & organization
3. Name the levels of structural organization that make up the human body and explain how they are related.
4. Name the organ systems of the body and briefly state the major functions of each system.
5. Classify by organ system all organs discussed.
6. Identify the organs shown on a diagram or a dissectible torso.
Maintaining life
7. Define homeostasis and explain its importance.
8. Define negative feedback and describe its role in maintaining homeostasis and normal body function.
The language of anatomy
9. Describe the anatomical position verbally or demonstrate it.
10. Use proper anatomical terminology to describe body directions, surfaces, and body planes.
11. Locate the major body cavities and list the chief organs in each cavity.

2. An Overview of Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy – study of structure; identification of body parts Physiology – the study of function; how the body parts work Structure is related to function. Things work the way they work because of their structure.

3. Levels of Structural Organization

4. Organ System Overview

5. Integumentary System Skin
Waterproofs, cushions & protects deeper tissues
Excretes salts & urea
Helps regulate temp
Contains sense receptors (temp, pressure, pain)

6. Skeletal System Consists of bone, cartilage, ligaments & joints
Support
Provides framework for skeletal muscles for movement
Protection
Produces blood cells

7. Muscular System
Contract to cause movement

8. Nervous System Fast acting control system
Consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves & sensory receptors (eyes, ears…)
Responds to external & internal stimuli

9. Endocrine System Slower acting control system
Consists of endocrine glands that produce hormones (chemical messengers) that regulate other structures

10. Cardiovascular System
Transports chemicals through body
Consists of heart, blood vessels & blood

11. Lymphatic System
Return fluid back to blood vessels that has leaked out
Involved in immunity
Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes,
spleen, tonsils

12. Respiratory System
Supply oxygen & remove carbon dioxide (gas exchange)
Consists of nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi & lungs

13. Digestive System
Breaks down food & deliver the small food molecules to the blood for dispersal to the body.
Consists of oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestines.

14. Urinary System Aka Excretory System
Removes nitrogen - containing wastes (urea & uric acid)
Consists of kidneys, ureters, bladder & urethra
Maintains water, salt & pH balance of blood

15. Reproductive System Produce offspring
Consists of scrotum, penis & duct system in males
Uterine tubes, uterus, vagina in females

17. Maintaining Life Necessary Life Functions Maintain boundaries Move
Respond to environmental changes (responsiveness or irritability)
Take in & digest nutrients
Carry out metabolism (chemical rx)
Dispose of wastes
Reproduce
Grow
All the organ systems work together to enable these to occur.
How can you remember these? Picture yourself walking to McDonalds, eating a Big Mac…

18. Survival Needs Nutrients – used for energy & cell building
Oxygen – enables us to release energy from our food
Water – provides fluid base for body
Body temperature – must be 37 degrees C (98 F)
Atmospheric pressure (force exerted on surface of body by the weight of air) – breathing depends on appropriate pressure
All of these must be present in appropriate amounts for survival.

19. Homeostasis
The bodies ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions, regardless of outside conditions.
Homeo = unchanging
Stasis = standing still
Internal conditions aren’t still, but they vary within very narrow limits

21. The thermostat in your house maintains a set temperature.

22. Now… apply this the human body & how it maintains a steady level (amount) of glucose in the blood.
Negative feedback –
a stimulus causes a response in the opposite direction of the stimulus.

23.
Above link to Mr. Ford’s Body Position video
The correct anatomical position is standing up (erect) with the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward and the thumbs pointing away from the body. Body Landmarks
To precisely point out the chief complaint of a patient, the nurse or physician uses anatomical terms representing a certain body part. For example, a patient walks in the emergency room with a hacking wound on the posterior portion of the left lower leg. To clearly state the area of injury the nurse uses the term “sural” which means the posterior surface of the lower leg rather than writing “back area of the lower leg”. Knowing these terms not only give the nurse a more accurate formulation of chief complaints but it also saves time of a good deal of description.

24. Anatomical Position

25. Orientation & Directional Terms
Used to clearly explain the relation of one body structure to another
Superior – above
Inferior – below
Anterior – in front of
Posterior – behind
Medial – middle
Lateral – away from the middle; at outer the sides
Intermediate – between a more medial and a more a lateral surface
Proximal – close to the body part
Distal – away from a body part
Superficial – external; at the surface
Deep – internal; away from the surface

26. Orientation & Directional Terms

28. Regional Terms

29. Anterior Body Landmarks
Abdominal – anterior body trunk inferior to ribs
Acromial – point of shoulder
Antecubital – anterior surface of elbow
Axillary – armpit
Brachial – arm
Buccal – cheek area
Carpal – wrist
Cervical – neck region
Coxal – hip
Crural – leg
Digital – fingers, toes
Femoral – thigh
Fibular – lateral part of the leg
Inguinal – area where thigh meets body part
Nasal – nose area
Oral – mouth
Orbital – eye area
Patellar – anterior knee
Pelvic – area overlying the pelvis anteriorly
Pubic – genital region
Sternal – breastbone area
Tarsal – ankle region
Thoracic – chest
Umbilical – navel

30. Posterior Body Landmark
Calcaneal – heel of foot
Cephalic – head
Deltoid – curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle
Femoral – thigh
Gluteal – buttock
Lumbar – area of back between ribs and hips
Occipital – posterior surface of head
Olecranal – posterior surface of elbow
Popliteal – sacral
Scapular – shoulder blade region
Sural – posterior surface of the lower leg
Vertebral – area of spine
Plantar – sole of the foot

31. Body Planes & Sections
Median
Transverse
Frontal or Coronal

32. Body Cavities Lateral View

33. Body Cavities Anterior View

34. Abdominopelvic Cavity Regions

35. Adominopelvic Cavity Quadrants
View without skeleton

36. Interactive Region Body Parts Site
Flash Cards of Body Regions

38. Body Organization Quiz / Games