1. Toward the Modern Consciousness
Chapter 13, Section 4

2. Changes in Science
Reason and rationalism still important to scientists
Scientists began to branch away from the ideas of Newton
Before, they had believed the universe to be like a machine
Said space and time acted independently of observers
Marie Curie
Significant in discovery of radiation
Albert Einstein
Explained space and time are connected to the observer

3. Studying the Mind
Sigmund Freud most famous for his method of psychoanalysis
Therapist and patient work together to probe deeply into patient’s memory
Said human behavior is influence by past experiences
Also developed theories of the conscious and unconscious mind

4. Social Darwinism
Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” applied to everyday life
Explained success and failures of the upper and lower classes
Ideas spread quickly in Germany
Friedrich von Bernhardi and Houston Stewart Chamberlain used this to push war, explain the existence of the Aryan race in Germany

5. Breeding Hatred Anti-Semitism Zionism
Intense hatred for the Jewish people
Many reasons, ranging from murder of Christ to economic concerns in countries
Pogroms, or organized massacres, occurred across Europe
Jewish people began to emigrate to areas like the United States to escape this
Zionism
Movement to create a new Jewish national state

6. Entertainment and the Arts
Modernism
The changes produced when artists rebelled against the normal literary and artistic styles
Literature, art, and music examined issues like feminism, alcoholism, and the urban slums
Claude Monet practiced impressionist art
Traveled to the countryside to paint nature directly
Pablo Picasso emerged as a famous modern artist
Cubism - used geometric designs to recreate reality