1. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1 CHAPTER 5 Socializing the Individual Section 1: Personality Development Section 2: The Social Self Section 3: Agents of Socialization

2. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 2 Objectives:  Explain how isolation in childhood affects development. Section 1: Personality Development

3. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Social Isolation

4. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Harlow (1962)- Rhesus Monkeys  Complete isolation for 1 st 6 months seriously distributed development  Infant monkeys given artificial “mother” of wire mesh also did poorly  Infants given artificial “mother” covered in cloth did better, they would cling to mother

5. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 2 Important Discoveries  As long as infant monkeys were surrounded by other infant monkeys, they were not adversely affected by a lack of mother  Lesser amounts of isolation (up to 3 months) caused some problems but they were temporary. Longer periods of isolation had damage that could not be undone

6. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 6 Isolation in Childhood:  Feral children:  Wild or untamed children.  Children isolated in their homes by parents/family members  Children had not reasoning ability or no manners, and no ability to control their bodily functions.

7. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 7 Anna and Isabelle  Anna:  Confined to an attic at 6 months old.  Result: (age 6) Could not walk, talk, feed herself, expressionless face.  Later on: could eventually talk, feed herself, could talk in phrases…died at 10 years old.

8. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 8  Isabelle:  She and her deaf mother confined to a dark closet.  Result:  Used gestures to communicate  Did not learn to speak  Crawled on her hands and knees  Made grunting, animal-like sounds  Ate with hands  Later On…:  Able to overcome her early social deprivation due to the constant contact with her mother.

9. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 9 Genie:  Confined at age of 20 months to a small bedroom.  Tied to an infant's potty-chair and nights wrapped in a sleeping bag.  Totally silent world!!  Toys: 2 plastic raincoats; empty cottage cheese container! empty cottage cheese container!

10. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 10 Result of Genie:  Discovered at 13 years old.  Could not stand straight!!  Social/Psychological skills of one-year-old. one-year-old.  At 21 years of age, still could not function as a social being.

11. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 11 Institutionalization:  Children in orphanages and hospitals:  Children wasted away from lack of love and attention.  After Psychologist Rene Spitz studied an orphanage in 1945…  Fewer than 25% could walk by themselves, dress themselves, or use a spoon.

12. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 12 Isolation in Childhood and Development  Research shows that a healthy cultural environment is essential for a child’s full development.  Isolation can lead to severe effects such as causing children to waste away and die or to have stunted development. Section 1: Personality Development

13. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 13 Objectives:  Identify the four main factors that affect the development of personality. Section 1: Personality Development

14. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 14 What is Personality??  Personality:  The sum total of behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values that are characteristic of an individual.  (A person’s fairly consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting)  At an older age, personality traits change at a slower rate.  However, development varies from individual to individual.

15. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 15 Can a person’s personality contribute to eating disorders?????

16. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 16 Can a person’s personality contribute to eating disorders?????  "Patients with personality disorders exhibit feelings of ineffectiveness, a strong need to control one's environment, inflexible thinking, perfectionism, and overly restrained initiative and emotional expression... Bulimics show a greater tendency to have impulse- control problems, abuse alcohol or other drugs, and have a greater frequency of suicide attempts.“ (Sam Vankin)

17. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 17  The current view of orthodoxy is that the eating disordered patient is attempting to reassert control over his/her life by ritually regulating her food intake and his/her body weight. In this respect, eating disorders resemble obsessive-compulsive disorders.

18. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 18 Nature vs. Nurture:  Nature:  Heredity: the transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to children.  Instinct: unchanging, biologically inherited behavior pattern.  EX: birds migrating

19. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 19  Nurture:  Behavior is result of social environment.  EX: Your friends can shape your personality.

20. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 20  Sociobiology:  The systematic study of the biological basis of all social behavior.  They believe that most of behavior is determined by biological factors.

21. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Nature v Nurture:  Are you the way you are because you were born that way? Or did you learn to be the people you are?  Freud says anatomy is destiny  B.F. Skinner says that we are born with no personality at all and that everything about us is a result of learning  Consider both sides…which do you believe is correct and why? 21

22. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Consider both sides…which do you believe is correct and why? 22

23. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Break into 2 groups…(10 min. to prepare debate)  We are born with our personalities  Our personalities are learned 23

24. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 24 What do most sociologists believe????  Assume that personality and social behavior result from a blending of hereditary and social environmental influences.

25. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 25 Factors That Shape Personality Development  Heredity – physical traits, aptitudes (capacity to learn a particular skill), inherited characteristics, biological drives.  Parents – parental characteristics, such as age, education, religion, and economic status.  Birth order – personalities are shaped by whether one has siblings. (1 st born: goal-oriented/last-born: more social oriented; risk-takers).  Cultural environment – determines the basic personality types found in a society. (EX: male vs. female) Section 1: Personality Development

26. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Sociologists have identified characteristics of people according to birth order.  As an example, it has been determined that 1 st borns and only children are generally the highest achievers in academics. 26

27. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOMEWORK:  Do a survey to determine if this is true in your school  1st write a hypothesis  2nd ask 8 people the following questions  1. Are you the oldest child in your family  2. Are you an Only Child  3. Circle the range below to indicate your overall academic average at the end of the last grading period.  Below 70 71-7581-8586-9091-9596-100 27

28. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 28 End of Chapter 5: Section1

29. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Chapter 5:2 The Social Self 29

30. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 30 Objectives:  Explain how a person’s sense of self emerges.  Identify and describe the theories that have been put forth to explain the process of socialization. Section 2: The Social Self

31. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 31 How Sense of Self Emerges  Through interaction with social and cultural environments people are transformed into members of society  The interactive process through which people learn the basic skills, values, beliefs, and behavior patterns of a society is called socialization  Self: Your conscious awareness of possessing a distinct identity that separates you and your environment from other members of society. Section 2: The Social Self

32. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 32 Three Theories of Socialization 1. John Locke – The Tabula Rosa 2. Charles Horton Cooley – The Looking Glass Self Self 3. George Herbert Mead – Role-Taking Section 2: The Social Self

33. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 33 John Locke – The Tabula Rosa  Each person is a blank slate at birth (tabula rosa), with no personality.  People develop personality as a result of their social experiences.  Moreover, infants can be molded into any type of person. Section 2: The Social Self

34. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 34 Do you agree with Locke??????  Do you believe that socialization is a process by which individuals absorb the aspect of their culture with which they come into contact????

35. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 35 Charles Horton Cooley – The Looking Glass Self  Infants have no sense of person or place.  Children develop an image of themselves based on how others see them.  Looking-glass self  Other people act as a mirror, reflecting back the image a child projects through their reactions to the child’s behavior. Section 2: The Social Self

36. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 36 Need an Example????  A child will develop a sense of self by the way his/her primary group members act around them (EX: parents, brothers, sisters, aunts, uncles, etc….)  If parents treat a child as capable and competent ….then will and competent ….then will produce a capable and competent produce a capable and competent child. child.

37. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Each time we relate to others 3 steps are involved:  1. our judgment of our own appearance or behavior  2. our interpretation of the other persons judgment of our appearance or behavior  3. a self-feeling such as pride or inferiority 37

38. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Do you think the “looking-glass self” seems true? Why? 38

39. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Quote:  “No one can make you feel inferior without your consent” – Eleanor Roosevelt  How does this relate to the “looking-glass self” theory 39

40. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 40 George Herbert Mead – Role-Taking  People not only come to see themselves as others see them but also take on or pretend to take on the roles of others through imitation, play, and games.  Role-taking: taking or pretending to take the role of others.  This process enables people to anticipate what others expect of them. Section 2: The Social Self

41. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 41 George Mead (Cont’d)  Significant others:  Specific people, such as parents, brothers, sisters, other relatives, and friends, who have a direct influence on our socialization.  Generalized other:  Internalized attitudes, expectations, and viewpoints of society that we use to guide our behavior and reinforce our sense of self.

42. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 42 George Mead (Cont’d)  He believes the self consists of 2 related parts: 1. I: the unsocialized, spontaneous, self-interested component of personality and self-identity. 2. Me: the part of yourself that is aware of the expectations and attitudes of society – the socialized self. ** To be a well-rounded member of society, a person needs BOTH aspects of the self!

43. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 43 Chapter 5: Section 3 Agents of Socialization

44. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 44 Objectives:  Identify the most important agents of socialization in the United States.  Explain why family and education are important social institutions. Section 3: Agents of Socialization

45. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 45 Agents of Socialization:  The specific individuals, groups, and institutions that enable socialization to take place.

46. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 46 Agents of Socialization 1. Family: – most important agent  Principal socializer of young children.  Intended vs. unintended socialization.  “Do as I say, not as I do.” Section 3: Agents of Socialization

47. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 47 Agents of Socialization: 2. Peer group: – primary group composed of individuals of roughly equal age and social characteristics, particularly influential during pre- teenage and early teenage years.  Peer-group goals are sometimes at odds with the goals of the larger society…can be alarming to family.

48. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 48 Agents of Socialization: 3. School: – plays a major role!  Much of socialization is deliberate.  Also, unintentional socialization  EX: Teachers become models, such as manners of speech, such as manners of speech, styles of dress, etc…. styles of dress, etc….

49. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 49 Agents of Socialization: 4. Mass media: – books, films, the Internet, magazines and television, not face-to-face.

50. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 50 The Mass Media (Cont’d)  98% of homes in U.S. have TVs.  (Average: More than 2 per home)  6-17 years old:  TV is the primary after-school activity!  Spend twice as much time watching TV than in school!

51. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 51 The Mass Media (Cont’d)  Violence in the Media:  By age 18…  Witnessed 200,000 fictional acts of violence  16,000 murders  Studies suggest that violence encourages viewers to act in aggressive ways and to see aggression as a valid way to solve problems.

52. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 52 The Mass Media (Cont’d)  Positive Side:  Television expands the viewers’ world.  Educational tool.

53. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 53 Overall Importance of Family and Education  Teach children important life skills.  Teach values, norms, and beliefs. Section 3: Agents of Socialization

54. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 54 Resocialization:  Total institution:  A setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and are subject to tight control.  EX: Prisons, military boot camp, and psychiatric hospitals. and psychiatric hospitals.

55. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 55  Resocialization:  Involves a break with past experiences and the learning of new values and norms.  Goal:  To change an individuals personality and social behavior.  Individual identity taken away!  (EX: hair cut; uniforms; etc….)  Once self is weakened, then easier to convince others to conform to new patterns of behavior.