1. Press the F5 button on your keyboard to begin this tutorial.

2. The Scientific Method: Tutorial Place your keyboard aside. Only use your mouse or mouse pad (laptops). Start from beginning Designing the experiment Variable practice Graphing the data Conclusion The Quiz

3. Introduction: The Scientific Method The scientific method is a series of steps used by scientists to help them solve problems. In principle, the scientific method is fairly straight forward so long as you can remember a few basic concepts. A valid experiment will identify a problem, research the problem to see if others have collected data for similar problems, create a hypothesis (temporary solution to the problem), collect data by performing an experiment, analyze the data collected, and report your findings. BACKHOME

4. Introduction: The Scientific Method The scientific method is a series of steps used by scientists to help them solve problems. In principle, the scientific method is fairly straight forward so long as you can remember a few basic concepts. A valid experiment will identify a problem, research the problem to see if others have collected data for similar problems, create a hypothesis (temporary solution to the problem), collect data by performing an experiment, analyze the data collected, and report your findings. Setting up the experiment can be the toughest part of the scientific method for young scientists. A poorly designed experiment can make your data hard to understand and even meaningless. Therefore, the purpose of this tutorial is to help you learn basic fundamentals to help you design an experiment and interpret the data collected. BACKHOME

5. Identifying a Problem Kobe-cyol (fictional) is a prescription medication designed to relieve arthritis pain. BACKHOME Kobe-cyol pills

6. Identifying a Problem Kobe-cyol (fictional) is a prescription medication designed to relieve arthritis pain. Jane and Jerry are both young doctors who have heard rumors that Kobe-cyol can dangerously raise the blood pressure of patients who use the drug. This can be a serious medical concern because if the patients blood pressure is too high, they can suffer a heart attack and possibly die. BACKHOME How are you Jane? I’m good Jerry. Thanks.

7. Identifying a Problem Kobe-cyol (fictional) is a prescription medication designed to relieve arthritis pain. Jane and Jerry are both young doctors who have heard rumors that Kobe-cyol can dangerously raise the blood pressure of patients who use the drug. This can be a serious medical concern because if the patients blood pressure is too high, they can suffer a heart attack and possibly die. This is the first stage of the scientific method, identifying a problem. BACKHOME

8. Identifying a Problem Kobe-cyol (fictional) is a prescription medication designed to relieve arthritis pain. Jane and Jerry are both young doctors who have heard rumors that Kobe-cyol can dangerously raise the blood pressure of patients who use the drug. This can be a serious medical concern because if the patients blood pressure is too high, they can suffer a heart attack and possibly die. This is the first stage of the scientific method, identifying a problem. Why do people need Kobe-cyol? Who do people get high blood pressure? How do heart attacks kill people? Does Kobe-cyol dangerously raise blood pressure? BACKHOME No. We know why people use Kobe- cyol. Arthritis. No. We know why people have high blood pressure. Genetics. Poor diet. Lack of exercise. No. We know why heart attacks kills people. correct What is the problem that Jane and Jerry have identified? Kobe-cyol pills

9. Researching the Problem Jane and Jerry have agreed to meet at a medical library to research their problem. They searched countless journals to see if other doctors have performed work on the effects of Kobe-cyol, but they did not find the answer to their problem question. They will need to perform their own experiment. BACKHOME Great! I’m so excited. Let’s meet on Thursday.

10. Researching the Problem Jane and Jerry have agreed to meet at a medical library to research their problem. They searched countless journals to see if other doctors have performed work on the effects of Kobe-cyol, but they did not find the answer to their problem question. They will need to perform their own experiment. Even though Jane and Jerry have discussed the risks with their patients about the use of Kobe- cyol, they have found volunteers to test the medication. Together, Jane and Jerry come up with a plan to test Kobe-cyol and the possible blood pressure risk. Meet the volunteers BACKHOME

11. Researching the Problem Jane and Jerry have agreed to meet at a medical library to research their problem. They searched countless journals to see if other doctors have performed work on the effects of Kobe-cyol, but they did not find the answer to their problem question. They will need to perform their own experiment. Even though Jane and Jerry have discussed the risks with their patients about the use of Kobe- cyol, they have found volunteers to test the medication. Together, Jane and Jerry come up with a plan to test Kobe-cyol and the possible blood pressure risk. Now that Jane and Jerry have identified their problem and performed research, it is time for them to create a hypothesis that answers their problem. Remember, the problem they are trying to answer is: “Does Kobe-cyol raise the blood pressure of their patients?” BACKHOME Kobe-cyol pills

12. Creating the Hypothesis Now that Jane and Jerry have identified their problem and performed research, it is time for them to create a hypothesis that answers their problem. Remember, the problem they are trying to answer is: “Does Kobe-cyol raise the blood pressure of patients?” BACKHOME

13. Creating the Hypothesis Now that Jane and Jerry have identified their problem and performed research, it is time for them to create a hypothesis that answers their problem. Remember, the problem they are trying to answer is: “Does Kobe-cyol raise the blood pressure of patients?” A hypothesis is a possible solution to the problem and should be worded as an “If…then” statement. BACKHOME

14. Creating the Hypothesis Now that Jane and Jerry have identified their problem and performed research, it is time for them to create a hypothesis that answers their problem. Remember, the problem they are trying to answer is: “Does Kobe-cyol raise the blood pressure of patients?” A hypothesis is a possible solution to the problem and should be worded as an “If…then” statement. If a person uses Kobe-cyol, then they may have higher than normal blood pressure. If a person is obese, then they may have higher than normal blood pressure. If a person has high blood pressure, then they must use Kobe-cyol. Correct BACKHOME Which choice would be a possible hypothesis (solution) to this problem? This may be true, but Jane and Jerry are not testing obesity. There are many reasons why a person can have high blood pressure.

15. Designing the Experiment (1 of 2) Jane and Jerry are ready to design and perform their experiment to test their hypothesis. But how do you design an experiment in the first place? Keep in mind our problem question: “Does Kobe-cyol affect a person’s blood pressure?” BACKHOME

16. Designing the Experiment (1 of 2) Jane and Jerry are ready to design and perform their experiment to test their hypothesis. But how do you design an experiment in the first place? Keep in mind our problem question: “Does Kobe-cyol affect a person’s blood pressure?” Their experiment will need to test the blood pressure of volunteers. Jane and Jerry have found 50 patients who are willing to volunteer for this experiment. Valid experiments usually create two groups of test subjects. BACKHOME

17. Designing the Experiment (1 of 2) Jane and Jerry are ready to design and perform their experiment to test their hypothesis. But how do you design an experiment in the first place? Keep in mind our problem question: “Does Kobe-cyol affect a person’s blood pressure?” Their experiment will need to test the blood pressure of volunteers. Jane and Jerry have found 50 patients who are willing to volunteer for this experiment. Valid experiments usually create two groups of test subjects. One group is called the EXPERIMENTAL group. Participants of this group are given the desired treatment, in this case Kobe-cyol. BACKHOME

18. Designing the Experiment (1 of 2) Jane and Jerry are ready to design and perform their experiment to test their hypothesis. But how do you design an experiment in the first place? Keep in mind our problem question: “Does Kobe-cyol affect a person’s blood pressure?” Their experiment will need to test the blood pressure of volunteers. Jane and Jerry have found 50 patients who are willing to volunteer for this experiment. Valid experiments usually create two groups of test subjects. One group is called the EXPERIMENTAL group. Participants of this group are given the desired treatment, in this case Kobe-cyol. The other group is called the CONTROL group. Participants of this group are not given the desired treatment (Kobe-cyol). The control group is used as a comparison to the experimental group. BACKHOME

19. Designing the Experiment (2 of 2) Jane and Jerry decide to separate the 50 people randomly into two groups of 25 patients each. BACKHOME

20. Designing the Experiment (2 of 2) Jane and Jerry decide to separate the 50 people randomly into two groups of 25 patients each. Group A: To start, the 25 patients had their blood pressures recorded. Group A BACKHOME

21. Designing the Experiment (2 of 2) Jane and Jerry decide to separate the 50 people randomly into two groups of 25 patients each. Group A: To start, the 25 patients had their blood pressures recorded. The 25 patients of this group were given water tablets, not Kobe-cyol. Group A BACKHOME

22. Designing the Experiment (2 of 2) Jane and Jerry decide to separate the 50 people randomly into two groups of 25 patients each. Group A: To start, the 25 patients had their blood pressures recorded. The 25 patients of this group were given water tablets, not Kobe-cyol. The 25 patients were instructed to eat and exercise according to specific instructions. Group A BACKHOME

23. Designing the Experiment (2 of 2) Jane and Jerry decide to separate the 50 people randomly into two groups of 25 patients each. Group A: To start, the 25 patients had their blood pressures recorded. The 25 patients of this group were given water tablets, not Kobe-cyol. The 25 patients were instructed to eat and exercise according to specific instructions. After one month, the 25 patients would return to have their blood pressures checked again. Group A BACKHOME

24. Designing the Experiment (2 of 2) Jane and Jerry decide to separate the 50 people randomly into two groups of 25 patients each. Group B Group B: To start, the 25 patients had their blood pressures recorded. BACKHOME

25. Designing the Experiment (2 of 2) Jane and Jerry decide to separate the 50 people randomly into two groups of 25 patients each. Group B Group B: To start, the 25 patients had their blood pressures recorded. Then, the 25 patients of this group were given doses of Kobe-cyol. BACKHOME

26. Designing the Experiment (2 of 2) Jane and Jerry decide to separate the 50 people randomly into two groups of 25 patients each. Group B Group B: To start, the 25 patients had their blood pressures recorded. Then, the 25 patients of this group were given doses of Kobe-cyol. The 25 patients were instructed to eat and exercise according to the same instructions as group A. BACKHOME

27. Designing the Experiment (2 of 2) Jane and Jerry decide to separate the 50 people randomly into two groups of 25 patients each. Group B Group B: To start, the 25 patients had their blood pressures recorded. Then, the 25 patients of this group were given doses of Kobe-cyol. The 25 patients were instructed to eat and exercise according to the same instructions as group A. After one month, the 25 patients would return to have their blood pressures checked again. BACKHOME

28. Designing the Experiment (2 of 2) Jane and Jerry decide to separate the 50 people randomly into two groups of 25 patients each. Control group Experimental group Is Group A the control group or the experimental group? Not quite. Remember that the experimental group is given the treatment. In this case, group A is not given Kobe-cyol. Correct. Because no treatment was given to Group A, that makes them the control group. Group BGroup A BACKHOME

29. Designing the Experiment (2 of 2) Jane and Jerry decide to separate the 50 people randomly into two groups of 25 patients each. Control group Experimental group Is group B considered the control group or the experimental group? Correct. Since group B received the treatment (Kobe-cyol) they are the experimental group. Not quite. The control group is the one that does not receive treatment. Group B does receive treatment. Group BGroup A BACKHOME

30. Identifying Variables The independent variable is the factor that differs between the control group and experimental group. A good experiment should only have 1 difference between the two groups. Review Group A Group BGroup A BACKHOME

31. Identifying Variables The independent variable is the factor that differs between the control group and experimental group. A good experiment should only have 1 difference between the two groups. Review Group B Group A BACKHOME

32. Identifying Variables The independent variable is the factor that differs between the control group and experimental group. A good experiment should only have 1 difference between the two groups. Group BGroup A BACKHOME

33. Identifying Variables What is the independent variable of this experiment? Number of people Diet habits Medication Exercise habits The independent variable is the factor that differs between the control group and experimental group. A good experiment should only have 1 difference between the two groups. correct Group BGroup A BACKHOME No. Each group has 25 people. No. Each group ate the same. No. Each group exercised the same.

34. Identifying Variables Body weight Blood pressure Muscle strength Heart rates The data measured is the dependent variable. What is the dependent variable in this experiment? correct Group BGroup A BACKHOME Body weigh was not measured. Strength was not measured. Heart rate was not measured.

35. Variable Practice: Farmer Bob Before proceeding, let’s stop for a moment and get some practice identifying variables and parts of an experiment. BACKHOME Howdy buck-a-roo. I’m Farmer Bob.

36. Before proceeding, let’s stop for a moment and get some practice identifying variables and parts of an experiment. Farmer Bob has always used Grow-Rite Fertilizer on his crops, but wants to try Ever-Grow Fertilizer. Variable Practice: Farmer Bob BACKHOME

37. Variable Practice: Farmer Bob Before proceeding, let’s stop for a moment and get some practice identifying variables and parts of an experiment. Farmer Bob has always used Grow-Rite Fertilizer on his crops, but wants to try Ever-Grow Fertilizer. He sections off two large areas of his field. BACKHOME AB

38. Variable Practice: Farmer Bob Before proceeding, let’s stop for a moment and get some practice identifying variables and parts of an experiment. Farmer Bob has always used Grow-Rite Fertilizer on his crops, but wants to try Ever-Grow Fertilizer. He sections off two large areas of his field. In section A, he waters his crops as usual and adds Grow-Rite. BACKHOME AB

39. Variable Practice: Farmer Bob Before proceeding, let’s stop for a moment and get some practice identifying variables and parts of an experiment. Farmer Bob has always used Grow-Rite Fertilizer on his crops, but wants to try Ever-Grow Fertilizer. He sections off two large areas of his field. In section A, he waters his crops as usual and adds Grow-Rite. In section B, he waters his crops as usual but adds Ever-Grow fertilizer. BACKHOME AB

40. Variable Practice: Farmer Bob Before proceeding, let’s stop for a moment and get some practice identifying variables and parts of an experiment. Farmer Bob has always used Grow-Rite Fertilizer on his crops, but wants to try Ever-Grow Fertilizer. He sections off two large areas of his field. In section A, he waters his crops as usual and adds Grow-Rite. In section B, he waters his crops as usual but adds Ever-Grow fertilizer. After 1 growing season, he records the growth of the crops. BACKHOME AB

41. Variable Practice: Farmer Bob Before proceeding, let’s stop for a moment and get some practice identifying variables and parts of an experiment. Farmer Bob has always used Grow-Rite Fertilizer on his crops, but wants to try Ever-Grow Fertilizer. He sections off two large areas of his field. In section A, he waters his crops as usual and adds Grow-Rite. In section B, he waters his crops as usual but adds Ever-Grow fertilizer. After 1 growing season, he records the growth of the crops. What is the control group of Farmer Bob’s experiment? BACKHOME AB Section ASection B The control group receives normal conditions. Ever-Grow isn’t normal. correct

42. Variable Practice: Farmer Bob Before proceeding, let’s stop for a moment and get some practice identifying variables and parts of an experiment. Farmer Bob has always used Grow-Rite Fertilizer on his crops, but wants to try Ever-Grow Fertilizer. He sections off two large areas of his field. In section A, he waters his crops as usual and adds Grow-Rite. In section B, he waters his crops as usual but adds Ever-Grow fertilizer. After 1 growing season, he records the growth of the crops. What is the independent variable? BACKHOME AB Section A cropsSection B crops This is the control group Type of fertilizerCrop growth This is the experimental group Correct What’s different between group A and B?

43. Variable Practice: Farmer Bob Before proceeding, let’s stop for a moment and get some practice identifying variables and parts of an experiment. Farmer Bob has always used Grow-Rite Fertilizer on his crops, but wants to try Ever-Grow Fertilizer. He sections off two large areas of his field. In section A, he waters his crops as usual and adds Grow-Rite. In section B, he waters his crops as usual but adds Ever-Grow fertilizer. After 1 growing season, he records the growth of the crops. What is the dependent variable? BACKHOME AB Section A cropsSection B crops This is the control group Type of fertilizerCrop growth This is the experimental group Correct The is the independent variable

44. The United States military wants to see if soldiers with only 4 hours of sleep can operate at the same level as those who normally get 7 hours of sleep. One hundred soldiers are allowed to only sleep for 4 hours a night and another hundred are allowed to sleep for 7 hours a night. During the day, the soldiers are tested for marksmanship on the firing range. What is the independent variable of the military experiment? Variable Practice: USA Military The ammunition used Amount of sleep given Score on the firing range The number of soldiers Correct. Hmmm. Remember the independent variable is what differs between the two groups. Try again.... BACKHOME

45. Variable Practice: USA Military The United States military wants to see if soldiers with only 4 hours of sleep can operate at the same level as those who normally get 7 hours of sleep. One hundred solders are allowed to only sleep for 4 hours a night and another hundred are allowed to sleep for 7 hours a night. During the day, the soldiers are tested for marksmanship on the firing range. What is the control group of the military experiment? Soldiers with 7 hours sleep Soldiers with 4 hours sleep Score on the firing range The number of soldiers Correct. Hmmm. Remember the control group are those who are not given the experimental treatment. Try again. BACKHOME

46. Variable Practice: USA Military The United States military wants to see if soldiers with only 4 hours of sleep can operate at the same level as those who normally get 7 hours of sleep. One hundred solders are allowed to only sleep for 4 hours a night and another hundred are allowed to sleep for 7 hours a night. During the day, the soldiers are tested for marksmanship on the firing range. What is the dependent variable of the military experiment? The ammunition used Amount of sleep given Score on the firing range The number of soldiers Correct. Hmmm. Remember the dependent variable is the data collected. Try again. Hmmm. This was the independent variable. Try again. Hmmm. Remember the dependent variable is the data collected. Try again. BACKHOME

47. Back to Our Experiment At the start of the experiment, remember that everyone had their blood pressures measured. On average, both the control group and the experimental group had a systolic blood pressure of 120. This is a fairly healthy blood pressure. Let’s look at the blood pressures at the start of this experiment. Where’s the data Jerry? I have it right here Jane. Control group (did not use Kobe-cyol) Experimental group (used Kobe-cyol) Start End ? BACKHOME

48. Back to Our Experiment At the start of the experiment, remember that everyone had their blood pressures measured. On average, both the control group and the experimental group had a systolic blood pressure of 120. This is a fairly healthy blood pressure. Let’s look at the blood pressures at the start of this experiment. Where’s the data Jerry? I have it right here Jane. Control group (did not use Kobe-cyol) Experimental group (used Kobe-cyol) Start120 mm Hg End ? BACKHOME

49. Back to Our Experiment At the start of the experiment, remember that everyone had their blood pressures measured. On average, both the control group and the experimental group had a systolic blood pressure of 120. This is a fairly healthy blood pressure. All 50 volunteers seem pretty healthy. Agreed. Their blood pressures are normal. Control group (did not use Kobe-cyol) Experimental group (used Kobe-cyol) Start120 mm Hg End BACKHOME

50. SunMonTuesWedThursFriSat 1 Take initial blood pressures 2345 6789101112 13141516171819 20212223242526 27282930 Take final blood pressures Day 2Day 3Day 4Day 5 Day 6Day 7Day 8Day 9Day 10Day 11Day 12 Day 13Day 14Day 15Day 16Day 17Day 18Day 19 Day 20Day 21Day 22Day 23Day 24Day 25Day 26 Day 27Day 28Day 29 BACK

51. 1 Month Later After one month all 50 people returned to have their blood pressure examined. Click the “?” box below to reveal the results. I’m so anxious. I hope our hypothesis was valid. Finally our experiment is finished. It’s been 30 days. Let’s see the data. Control group (did not use Kobe-cyol) Experimental group (used Kobe-cyol) Start120 mm Hg End ? BACKHOME

52. 1 Month Later After one month all 50 people returned to have their blood pressure examined. Click the “?” box below to reveal the results. That’s good. The control group blood pressures are still in the healthy range. Control group (did not use Kobe-cyol) Experimental group (used Kobe-cyol) Start120 mm Hg End120 mm Hg ? BACKHOME

53. 1 Month Later After one month all 50 people returned to have their blood pressure examined. Click the “?” box below to reveal the results. Oh No! The experimental group has dangerously high blood pressures now. Control group (did not use Kobe-cyol) Experimental group (used Kobe-cyol) Start120 mm Hg End120 mm Hg145 mm Hg BACKHOME

54. 1 Month Later After one month all 50 people returned to have their blood pressure examined. Click the “?” boxes below to reveal the results. Those who were not using Kobe-cyol maintained their healthy blood pressure of 120. However, those who used Kobe-cyol now had an average blood pressure of 145. Time to make our graph. Control group (did not use Kobe-cyol) Experimental group (used Kobe-cyol) Start120 mm Hg End120 mm Hg145 mm Hg BACKHOME

55. Graphing the Data Graphs makes our data easier to understand. Pictures are worth a thousand words after all. BACKHOME

56. Graphing the Data Others will read our results once we share our findings. We better be clear about the data. Let’s start with the title. BACKHOME

57. This is to vague. What’s the experiment about? A title needs to be clear to a reader. Choose the best title to use in this example. Affects of Kobe-Cyol on blood pressure Graphing the Data Option 2: Affects of Kobe-cyol on blood pressure BACKHOME Option 3: Jane & Jerry’s Report This is to vague. What’s the experiment about? Option 1: The results of a month long test Correct. Fill in your graph.

58. B l o o d p r e s s u r e v a l u e s ( m m H g ) Affects of Kobe-Cyol on blood pressure Graphing the Data Time to label the Y axis. Choose a good label for this example. BACKHOME Amount of what? Too vague. Heart beats were never recorded Option 1: Amount Option 3: Heart beats per minute Correct. Fill in your graph. Option 2: Blood pressure values (mm Hg)

59. Length of time (days) Blood pressure values (mm Hg) Affects of Kobe-Cyol on blood pressure Graphing the Data Now for the X axis. Which is specific? BACKHOME What unit of time? The number of people never changed. Option 2: Time Option 3: Number of people Option 1: Time (days) Correct. Fill in your graph.

60. Blood pressure values (mm Hg) Affects of Kobe-Cyol on blood pressure Graphing the Data Now we need to number the X axis for 30 days. Length of time (days) BACKHOME

61. Blood pressure values (mm Hg) Affects of Kobe-Cyol on blood pressure Graphing the Data Now we need to number the X axis for 30 days. Length of time (days) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 BACKHOME Be sure to fill in your graph.

62. Blood pressure values (mm Hg) Affects of Kobe-Cyol on blood pressure Graphing the Data Now we need to number the X axis for 30 days. Keep in mind our data. Control group: Start: 120 End: 120 Length of time (days) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 BACKHOME

63. Blood pressure values (mm Hg) Affects of Kobe-Cyol on blood pressure Graphing the Data Now we need to number the X axis for 30 days. Keep in mind our data. Control group: Start: 120 End: 120 Experiment group: Start: 120 End: 145 Length of time (days) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 BACKHOME

64. Blood pressure values (mm Hg) Affects of Kobe-Cyol on blood pressure Graphing the Data Now we need to number the X axis for 30 days. Keep in mind our data. Control group: Start: 120 End: 120 Experiment group: Start: 120 End: 145 We must use equal intervals to number the Y axis. Length of time (days) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 BACKHOME

65. Now we need to number the X axis for 30 days. Keep in mind our data. Control group: Start: 120 End: 120 Experiment group: Start: 120 End: 145 We must use equal intervals to number the Y axis. Blood pressure values (mm Hg) Affects of Kobe-Cyol on blood pressure Graphing the Data 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Length of time (days) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 BACKHOME Be sure to fill in your graph.

66. Affects of Kobe-Cyol on blood pressure Graphing the Data Since we have two sets of data to graph, we need two different line patterns. 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Blood pressure values (mm Hg) Length of time (days) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 BACKHOME

67. Affects of Kobe-Cyol on blood pressure Graphing the Data Since we have two sets of data to graph, we need two different line patterns. Solid line will represent the control group. 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Blood pressure values (mm Hg) Length of time (days) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 BACKHOME

68. Affects of Kobe-Cyol on blood pressure Graphing the Data Since we have two sets of data to graph, we need two different line patterns. Solid line will represent the control group. 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Blood pressure values (mm Hg) Length of time (days) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 KEY Solid = control group BACKHOME Be sure to fill in your graph.

69. Affects of Kobe-Cyol on blood pressure Graphing the Data Since we have two sets of data to graph, we need two different line patterns. Solid line will represent the control group. Dotted line will represent the experimental group. 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 KEY Solid = control group Blood pressure values (mm Hg) Length of time (days) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 BACKHOME

70. Affects of Kobe-Cyol on blood pressure Graphing the Data Since we have two sets of data to graph, we need two different line patterns. Solid line will represent the control group. Dotted line will represent the experimental group. 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 KEY Solid = control group dots = experi- mental group Blood pressure values (mm Hg) Length of time (days) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 BACKHOME Be sure to fill in your graph.

71. Affects of Kobe-Cyol on blood pressure Graphing the Data Now we are ready to fill in the graph itself. Let’s graph the people who used Kobe-cyol first. People who used Kobe-cyol (Experiment group): Start: 120 End: 145 Now connect the two dots. 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Blood pressure values (mm Hg) KEY Solid = control group dots = experi- mental group Length of time (days) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 BACKHOME

72. Graphing the Data Now let’s graph the people who did not use Kobe- cyol (Control group): Start: 120 End: 120 Now connect the dots. Affects of Kobe-Cyol on blood pressure 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Blood pressure values (mm Hg) KEY Solid = control group dots = experi- mental group Length of time (days) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 BACKHOME

73. What is the data telling us? The experimental group’s blood pressure increased. We need to examine what was different between Group A and Group B? Number of people? Exercise habits? Diet habits? Length of testing time? Type of medication taken? samedifferent samedifferent samedifferent samedifferent samedifferent correct Affects of Kobe-Cyol on blood pressure 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Blood pressure values (mm Hg) KEY Solid = control group dots = experi- mental group Length of time (days) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 BACKHOME

74. What is the data telling us? Number of people Exercise habits Diet habits Length of testing time Type of medication taken Was Kobe-cyol responsible for the higher blood pressure of the experimental group? same different Affects of Kobe-Cyol on blood pressure 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Blood pressure values (mm Hg) KEY Solid = control group dots = experi- mental group Length of time (days) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Yes No Correct! Kobe-cyol was the only difference so it must be the cause. Are you sure? The only difference between the groups was Kobe-cyol. BACKHOME

75. What about the Hypothesis? Now that our graph is finished, what does it tell us about our hypothesis? If you forgot, the hypothesis was: If a person uses Kobe-cyol, then they may have higher than normal blood pressure. The hypothesis was proven correct. The hypothesis appears valid. The hypothesis is proven wrong. The hypothesis appears wrong. One experiment proves nothing. More tests are required to state this. Correct. Are you sure? The data agrees with the prediction. BACKHOME

76. Stating a Conclusion A conclusion should be a clear and understandable summary of the main idea learned from the experiment. Be straight to the point. Which would be a good summary? We need to report our findings so others can check our work. We should take the 25 patients off Kobe-cyol immediately and continue to monitor their health. BACKHOME Option 1: Kobe-cyol was the independent variable of this experiment. Option 3: Kobe-cyol makes people sick and unhealthy. Option 2: Our experiment was valid and well deigned. Option 4: Kobe-cyol may raise the blood pressure of healthy individuals. Correct This may be true, but what did we learn? This may be true, but it is too vague. This may be true, but what did we learn?

77. Reporting your results In order for others to confirm our findings, our results need to be shared with others. There are many journals that collect research performed by scientists around the world. Even newspapers and magazines will report upon a study of great importance. This is how information is spread around the world about various scientific findings. BACKHOME

78. Reporting your results In order for others to confirm our findings, our results need to be shared with others. There are many journals that collect research performed by scientists around the world. Even newspapers and magazines will report upon a study of great importance. This is how information is spread around the world about various scientific findings. Experiments are valid when the rules of the scientific method have been followed. This method reduces errors, eliminates bias, and advances our understanding of the world in which we live. Let’s Review: #1) What is a tentative solution to a problem called? a) Hypothesis b) Independent variable c) Dependent variable d) Control group BACKHOME No. This is the factor being tested. No. This is the data collected. No. This is the unchanged test group. Correct

79. Review #2 Which variable differs between the control group and the experimental group? Dependent variableIndependent variable This is the data that is collected because of the change. Correct BACKHOME

80. Review #3 Which hypothesis best fits the problem question below? Problem question: Why do some people develop diabetes? A diet that is high in sugar can lead to diabetes. Diabetes is caused by a high sugary diet. If a person has a sugary diet, then diabetes may develop. This may be true, but it is not worded in proper format. Correct. BACKHOME

81. Review #4 Pretend we performed the following experiment with Kobe-cyol. BACKHOME

82. Review #4 Pretend we performed the following experiment with Kobe-cyol. BACKHOME 35 people Group A: Control

83. Review #4 Pretend we performed the following experiment with Kobe-cyol. BACKHOME 35 people Group A: Control 17 people Group B: Experimental

84. Review #4 Exercised with Yoga BACKHOME 35 people Group A: Control 17 people Group B: Experimental Pretend we performed the following experiment with Kobe-cyol.

85. Review #4 Exercised with Yoga BACKHOME 35 people Group A: Control 17 people Group B: Experimental Pretend we performed the following experiment with Kobe-cyol. Did not exercised with Yoga

86. Review #4 Exercised with Yoga BACKHOME 35 people Group A: Control 17 people Group B: Experimental Pretend we performed the following experiment with Kobe-cyol. Did not exercised with Yoga Vegetarian Meals

87. Review #4 Exercised with Yoga BACKHOME 35 people Group A: Control 17 people Group B: Experimental Pretend we performed the following experiment with Kobe-cyol. Did not exercised with Yoga Vegetarian Meals Vegetarian Meals

88. Review #4 Exercised with Yoga BACKHOME 35 people Group A: Control 17 people Group B: Experimental Pretend we performed the following experiment with Kobe-cyol. Did not exercised with Yoga Vegetarian Meals Average age of 40 years

89. Review #4 BACKHOME Group A: Control 17 people Group B: Experimental Pretend we performed the following experiment with Kobe-cyol. Did not exercised with Yoga Vegetarian Meals Average age of 40 years Exercised with Yoga 35 people Vegetarian Meals Average age of 40 years

90. Review #4 BACKHOME Group A: Control 17 people Group B: Experimental Pretend we performed the following experiment with Kobe-cyol. Did not exercised with Yoga Vegetarian Meals Average age of 40 years Did not use Kobe-cyol Exercised with Yoga 35 people Vegetarian Meals Average age of 40 years

91. Review #4 BACKHOME Group A: Control 17 people Group B: Experimental Pretend we performed the following experiment with Kobe-cyol. Did not exercised with Yoga Vegetarian Meals Average age of 40 years Used Kobe-cyol Did not use Kobe-cyol Exercised with Yoga 35 people Vegetarian Meals Average age of 40 years

92. correct Review #4 BACKHOME Group A: Control 17 people Group B: Experimental Pretend we performed the following experiment with Kobe-cyol. Did not exercised with Yoga Vegetarian Meals Average age of 40 years Used Kobe-cyolDid not use Kobe-cyol Exercised with Yoga 35 people Vegetarian Meals Average age of 40 years How many independent variables would be in this experiment? 1234 17 people35 people Exercised with YogaDid not exercised with Yoga Did not use Kobe-cyol Used Kobe-cyol

93. Review #5 BACKHOME Group A: Control 17 people Group B: Experimental Pretend we performed the following experiment with Kobe-cyol. Did not exercised with Yoga Vegetarian Meals Average age of 40 years Used Kobe-cyolDid not use Kobe-cyol Exercised with Yoga 35 people Vegetarian Meals Average age of 40 years Why would the results of this experiment be invalid? In other words, why would this experiment be rejected? Answer in your own words. 17 people35 people Exercised with YogaDid not exercised with Yoga Did not use Kobe-cyol Used Kobe-cyol When ready

94. The end! You will be expected to use the scientific method throughout the course of the school year. I hope this tutorial simplified how it can help solve problems. Be sure your name is on your paper before submitting your work. BACKHOME

95. You chose “Independent variable.” That is incorrect. An independent variable is the factor that differs between a control and experimental group. In the army example, some soldiers slept for 4 hours a day while others slept for 7 hours a day. The amount of sleep was different between the two groups. That is an independent variable. Try again #1) What is a tentative solution to a problem called?

96. You chose “dependent variable.” That is incorrect. The dependent variable is the data collected during an experiment. In the army example, the sleep deprived soldiers were tested for their shooting accuracy. Their shooting scores is an example of a dependent variable. Try again #1) What is a tentative solution to a problem called?

97. You chose “control group.” That is incorrect. A control is the part of an experiment that receives the normal conditions. In the army example, the soldiers who normally slept 7 hours a night represented the control group. The soldiers who slept 4 hours a night represented the experimental group. Try again #1) What is a tentative solution to a problem called?

98. You chose “dependent variable.” That is incorrect. The dependent variable is the data collected during an experiment. In the army example, the sleep deprived soldiers were tested for their shooting accuracy. Their shooting scores is an example of a dependent variable. Try again #2) Which variable differs between the control group and the experimental group?

99. Review #3 Which hypothesis best fits the problem question below? Problem question: Why do some people develop diabetes? A diet that is high in sugar can lead to diabetes. This choice is incorrect. Remember that a hypothesis is a tentative answer. It should also be stated in an “If…then” format. Try again

100. Review #3 Which hypothesis best fits the problem question below? Problem question: Why do some people develop diabetes? This choice is incorrect. Remember that a hypothesis is a tentative answer. It should also be stated in an “If…then” format. Try again Diabetes is caused by a high sugary diet.

101. Review #4 Group A: Control 17 people Group B: Experimental Pretend we performed the following experiment with Kobe-cyol. Did not exercised with Yoga Vegetarian Meals Average age of 40 years Used Kobe-cyolDid not use Kobe-cyol Exercised with Yoga 35 people Vegetarian Meals Average age of 40 years How many independent variables would be in this experiment? 1 This choice is incorrect. How many times do the groups differ? Try again

102. 2 Review #4 Group A: Control 17 people Group B: Experimental Pretend we performed the following experiment with Kobe-cyol. Did not exercised with Yoga Vegetarian Meals Average age of 40 years Used Kobe-cyolDid not use Kobe-cyol Exercised with Yoga 35 people Vegetarian Meals Average age of 40 years How many independent variables would be in this experiment? This choice is incorrect. How many times do the groups differ? Try again

103. 4 Review #4 Group A: Control 17 people Group B: Experimental Pretend we performed the following experiment with Kobe-cyol. Did not exercised with Yoga Vegetarian Meals Average age of 40 years Used Kobe-cyolDid not use Kobe-cyol Exercised with Yoga 35 people Vegetarian Meals Average age of 40 years How many independent variables would be in this experiment? This choice is incorrect. How many times do the groups differ? Try again