1. The Extreme Right Ideology Cas Mudde (1995; 2000): Five main ingredients in the Extreme Right ideology: Nationalism Nationalism Racism Racism Xenophobia Xenophobia Anti-democracy Anti-democracy Strong state Strong state

2. 1. Nationalism Common core doctrine of extreme right (Eatwell 2000) Common core doctrine of extreme right (Eatwell 2000) Definition: The belief that the political unit (the state) and the ethnic unit (the nation or ethnic community) should be congruent (Mudde, 2000: 187) Definition: The belief that the political unit (the state) and the ethnic unit (the nation or ethnic community) should be congruent (Mudde, 2000: 187) Internal homogenisation (aliens should be expelled or assimilated) Internal homogenisation (aliens should be expelled or assimilated) External exclusiveness (unite members of the nation into one state) External exclusiveness (unite members of the nation into one state)

3. 1. Nationalism (contd) Eatwell (2000): Liberal v holistic nationalism (only the latter part of extreme right ideology) Eatwell (2000): Liberal v holistic nationalism (only the latter part of extreme right ideology) Mudde (2000): State (civic) v ethnic nationalism. Membership of nation based on: Mudde (2000): State (civic) v ethnic nationalism. Membership of nation based on: –citizenship for state/civic nationalists; –ethnicity for ethnic nationalists (ius sanguinis = law of the blood) Extreme right parties can thus be subdivided into more (ethnic nationalist) or less (civic nationalist) radical parties Extreme right parties can thus be subdivided into more (ethnic nationalist) or less (civic nationalist) radical parties

4. 2. Racism The belief in natural (hereditary) and permanent differences between groups of people, with the centrality of a hierarchy of races (Mudde, 2000: 187) The belief in natural (hereditary) and permanent differences between groups of people, with the centrality of a hierarchy of races (Mudde, 2000: 187) Classical (old) racism: racial purity, racial hierarchy Classical (old) racism: racial purity, racial hierarchy New racism (culturism; ethnopluralism): emphasis on cultural differences, no hierarchy, belief that cultures are of equal value but should not be mixed New racism (culturism; ethnopluralism): emphasis on cultural differences, no hierarchy, belief that cultures are of equal value but should not be mixed

5. 3. Xenophobia (From Greek) fear of strangers (From Greek) fear of strangers The strangers may or may not be ethnic groups (could also be sexuality, religion, et c.) The strangers may or may not be ethnic groups (could also be sexuality, religion, et c.) Regional and local rivalries could contain elements of xenophobia Regional and local rivalries could contain elements of xenophobia For extreme right parties, the target is usually immigrants, asylum seekers et c. For extreme right parties, the target is usually immigrants, asylum seekers et c.

6. Distinction racism- xenophobia Racism is ideological Racism is ideological –Based on ideas about humanity; the belief that these ideas should have political consequences Xenophobia is psychological Xenophobia is psychological –Irrational fear of some groups of people Xenophobic but not racist: dislikes some groups of people but does not believe in races, or a hierarchy Xenophobic but not racist: dislikes some groups of people but does not believe in races, or a hierarchy Racist but not xenophobic: believes in races and a hierarchy, but does not fear the inferior (e.g. a 19 th century colonialist?) Racist but not xenophobic: believes in races and a hierarchy, but does not fear the inferior (e.g. a 19 th century colonialist?)

7. 4. Anti-democracy Depends on definition of democracy Depends on definition of democracy Procedural definition of democracy: Procedural definition of democracy: –Anti-democracy = advocacy of dictatorship, restrictions in the right to vote, et c. Substantive definition of democracy: Substantive definition of democracy: –Anti-democracy = advocacy of restrictions in human rights and liberties Open anti-democracy is rare in todays extreme right. See, however, FN national preference policies. Cf. also Schedler (1996): Semi-loyalty to democracy (constant attacks on democratic institutions and procedures) Open anti-democracy is rare in todays extreme right. See, however, FN national preference policies. Cf. also Schedler (1996): Semi-loyalty to democracy (constant attacks on democratic institutions and procedures)

8. 5. Strong state Extreme right parties emphasise law and order, and want more resources to the police Extreme right parties emphasise law and order, and want more resources to the police However, not very militaristic However, not very militaristic View on the welfare state has changed. Anti-welfare state in 80s and 90s, since then welfare chauvinist = in favour of the welfare state, as long as it is restricted to the own people View on the welfare state has changed. Anti-welfare state in 80s and 90s, since then welfare chauvinist = in favour of the welfare state, as long as it is restricted to the own people

9. Welfare chauvinism Kitschelt (1995) argues that a right-wing, pro- capitalist outlook is a key ingredient in the extreme rights winning formula (right-wing economics together with anti-immigration) Kitschelt (1995) argues that a right-wing, pro- capitalist outlook is a key ingredient in the extreme rights winning formula (right-wing economics together with anti-immigration) However, since the late 1990s, a more positive (less negative) view on the welfare state is more common. More welfare to the own people However, since the late 1990s, a more positive (less negative) view on the welfare state is more common. More welfare to the own people Remember that welfare chauvinism is not the same as socialism. Not egalitarian. No socialist perspective on ownership, size and role of the public sector, redistribution of wealth, et c. Remember that welfare chauvinism is not the same as socialism. Not egalitarian. No socialist perspective on ownership, size and role of the public sector, redistribution of wealth, et c.

10. The extreme right ideology, according to Mudde (1995/2000): Five ingredients, derived from literature: Five ingredients, derived from literature: Nationalism Nationalism Racism Racism Xenophobia Xenophobia Anti-democracy Anti-democracy A strong state A strong state Four ingredients, derived from the programmes of five extreme right parties: Four ingredients, derived from the programmes of five extreme right parties: Nationalism Nationalism Xenophobia Xenophobia Welfare chauvinism Welfare chauvinism Law and order Law and order

11. Traditional fascism: Nationalism Nationalism Racism Racism Anti-democracy Anti-democracy Strong state Strong state Organic perspective Organic perspective Authoritarianism Authoritarianism Leadership cult Leadership cult Direct action Direct action Anti-intellectualism Anti-intellectualism Corporatism Corporatism Anti-marxism Anti-marxism Anti-capitalism Anti-capitalism Todays extreme right: Nationalism Nationalism Xenophobia (Racism?) Xenophobia (Racism?) (Anti-democracy?) (Anti-democracy?) Law and order Law and order Welfare chauvinism Welfare chauvinism

12. Modern extreme right v old fascism 1 Ideological similarities; both fascism and todays extreme right: Ideological similarities; both fascism and todays extreme right: –are nationalist (although different kinds of nationalism) –are authoritarian (for law and order) –are positive to personalised leadership (but not the same leadership cult in the modern extreme right) –are sceptical of intellectuals –are anti-marxist –are hostile to some population groups (xenophobic)

13. Modern extreme right v old fascism 2 Ideological differences; todays extreme right: Ideological differences; todays extreme right: –is not in favour of an all-encompassing state –is not openly anti-democratic –has no organic perspective on the nation –is not corporatist –is not openly racist (at least classical racism) –is not anti-capitalist (though sometimes sceptical of global capitalism)

14. Modern extreme right v old fascism 3 Organisationally different (fascists have much stronger and elaborated organisational structures) Organisationally different (fascists have much stronger and elaborated organisational structures) Few of todays extreme right parties have historical links to fascism, and at least one of those that do, AN in Italy, has been drastically deradicalised Few of todays extreme right parties have historical links to fascism, and at least one of those that do, AN in Italy, has been drastically deradicalised