1. The Possibilities of Biological Fuel Cells

2. Microbial Electricity Generation Microbial fuel cells are based on the recently identified ability of microorganisms to pass electrons directly onto the surfaces of electrodes during catabolic respiration. Organic Carbon CO 2 e-e- O2O2 H2OH2O NO 3 - Fe 3+ SO 4 2- CO 2 N2N2 Fe 2+ HS - CH 4 Anode CH 3 COO - + 2OH -  2CO 2 + 5H + + 8e -

3. Two-chambered (poised-potential) electrochemical cell Gr Graphite working electrode: Anode (oxidizing) Graphite counter electrode: Cathode (reducing) H2OH2O O 2 + H + + e - Cation-selective membrane Ag Reference electrode Gr Anaerobic

4. Graphite Ag Indirect reduction Concept Microorganisms catabolize organic electron donors producing electrons which are transferred onto the anode Organic carbon CO 2 ES red Organic carbon CO 2 ES ox Direct reduction

5. Advantages of Biofuel cells  More efficient than turbine (~25%) or solar (~15%) electricity generation  Does not require substrate to be combustible  Does not require the use of toxic and expensive heavy metals or metalloids  Is not limited by the reactivity of the electron donor  Do not produce toxic endproducts

6.  Powering Monitoring Devices in Remote Locations  Powering Electronic Devices from Renewable Energy Sources  Decentralized domestic power source  Conversion of waste organic matter to electricity instead of methane  Conversion of renewable biomass to electricity instead of ethanol  Bioremediation of environmental contaminants Potential Applications of Biofuel cells Improved efficiency

7. Crucial parameters of operational effectiveness 1.Bacterial metabolism 2.Bacterial electron transfer 3.Performance of the cation selective membrane 4.Intrinsic electrical resistance of the system 5.Efficiency of the cathode oxidation step Biological Physical Chemical and Biological

8. Studies done to date have: 1.Investigated electricity generation under constant resistance (load) or constant voltage 2.Investigated electricity generation by pure cultures under a poised potential with glucose, lactate, benzoate, acetate, or H 2 as the electron donor 3.Investigated microbial communities on the anode surfaces in sediment systems with either glucose or NOM as the electron donor

9. RedoxE’ o (mV) 2H + + 2e -  H 2 -420 Ferredoxin(Fe 3+ ) + e -  Ferredoxin(Fe 2+ )-420 NAD + + H + + 2e -  NADH-320 S + 2H + + 2e -  H 2 S-274 SO 4 2- + 10H + + 8e -  H 2 S + 4H 2 O-220 Pyruvate 2- + 2H + + 2e -  lactate 2- -185 FAD + 2H + + 2e -  FADH 2 -180 Fumarate 2- + 2H + + 2e -  Succinate 2- +31 Cytochrome b(Fe 3+ ) + e -  Cytochrome b(Fe 2+ )+75 Ubiquinone + 2H + + 2e -  Ubiquinone red +100 Cytochrome c(Fe 3+ ) + e -  Cytochrome c(Fe 2+ )+254 NO 3 - + 2H + + 2e -  NO 2 - + H 2 O+421 NO 2 - + 8H + + 6e -  NH 4 + + 2H 2 O+440 O 2 + 4H + + 4e -  2H 2 O+840

10. 2e - Anodic chamberCathodic chamber -320 +840 0.5 O 2 H2OH2O 2e - 2H + mV 123456 H2H2 2H + -420 7 Over potentials/inefficiencies are associated with several different steps involved in the biological fuel cell