1. Earth Science Review

2. Remember that textbooks must be returned to me by the date of the exam. Failure to do so, will result in a book fee being assessed to you

3. Interior of the earth

4. Inner core Iron Incredible temp and pressure keeps Iron solid

5. Outer Core Liquid Iron Generates the Earth’s magnetic Field

6. Mantle Largest section of earth Includes: lower mantle, aethnosphere, lithosphere

7. Astenosphere Below lithosphere Plastic in nature

8. Lithosphere Broken up into the tectonic plates Hard

9. Crust Very thin compared to any other layer (oceanic thinner than continental) Oceanic is more dense than continental Oceanic subducts under continental during any collision

10. Magnetoshere Region around earth under influence of earth’s magnetic field Aurora borealis: formed by combination of Sun’s energy, atmosphere, and earth magnetic field Orientation has switched many times in the past

11. Plate Tectonics Theory that describes the movement of plates and the physical evolution of the Earth

12. Plate tectonics Alfred Wegener – Father of Plate Tectonics Continental Drift – Movement of continents Sea Floor Spreading – Movement of parts of sea floor away from each other

13. Names Pangaea = one land = formed when all the continents came together Panthalassa = one sea

14. Evidence of plate motion through time Fossil evidence (mesosaurus) Climate evidence (glacial material in africa) Shape of present continents Age of sea floor rocks Paleomagnetism

15. Divergent Boundaries Boundary formed when two plates are pulled away from each other On land = rift valley Underwater = mid oceanic ridges Crust is created in this zone

16. Convergent boundary Boundary formed when 2 plates are moving towards each other Crust is destroyed in this zone

17. Subduction zones Place where one plate (older, denser) slides under another plate Area that forms both volcanoes and earthquakes American northwest, Alaska, Japan, Indonesia

18. Transform Boundaries Boundary formed when 2 plates move past each other San Andreas Fault in California

19. Convection Concept which determines how lithospheres' plates can move Hot material rises to the surface, pushing older cooler material aside Cold material sinks back into the interior of the earth

20. Earthquakes Result from the sudden motion of 2 plates at a boundary Aftershocks: subsequent earthquakes after the main one

22. Focus: Location on plate boundaries of the movement. In Earth Epicenter: location on surface directly above focus

23. Pacific Ring of Fire Located in the … Identified as a series of plate boundaries that ring the Pacific Ocean Most of the world earthquakes and volcanoes are associated with this ring

24. Seismic Waves Movement of energy released as a result of an earthquake Seismometer– instrument used to record seismic waves Seismograpgh-readout of data collected by seismomenters

25. Types of waves P- Waves: fastest, push or pull, go through liquid S- Waves: slower, sideways motion, will not go through liquid Surface: Slowest, moves earth, most damaging

27. Location of Epicenter Difference in time between P and S waves Need seismograph readings of an earthquake from 3 different sources

28. Richter Scale Intensity of Quake Above 7 means large quake Below 4 means small quake Largest 9.2 Indonesia

29. Safest Place In a Room : In a doorway In a moving car: Move car to open area, stay in car

30. Tsunami Great Wave Caused by underwater earthquake, or land slide that puts material into water What are the major differences between a Tsunami and a Rogue Wave

31. Volcano Created when molten rock from the interior reaches the surface Vent is an opening for release of lava/gas/water Fumaroles, geysers, hot springs, mud pots

32. Volcanic dangers Pyroclastic flow: hot mixture of ash and gas, fast moving Lahar (mudflow): hot mixture of water and ash Volcanic bombs: solid material ejected from volcano Ash/ acid rain

33. Surface features related to volcanism Hot springs: underground water is heated by coming close to magma; returns to surface through cracks, fractures Geysers: hot springs that periodically erupt Fumaroles: openings where hot gases are released Mud pots: hot springs with little water and ash near the surface opening

34. Magma: molten rock inside Earth Lava: molten rock on surface of Earth

35. Types of lava Felsic / mafic Pahoehoe / aa

36. Where do most volcanoes appear? At or near plate boundaries Subduction zones, divergent boundaries, not transform boundaries

37. Types of volcaones Shield: Broad, not dangerous, lava Cinder: Smaller, more dangerous, ash Stratovolcano: Large, most dangerous, both ash and rock

38. Crater formed by the build up of material released from a vent Caldera is formed by the collapse of a magma chamber

39. Mars Has Solar Systems largest volcanoes Olympus Mons Shield

40. Rock Cycle Stages and actions

41. Rock Types Igneous Metamorphic Sedimentary