1. Chapter 16 Study Notes:
Groundwater

2. Chapter 16 Section 1 Study Notes:
Water Beneath the Surface

3. 1. ____________ is the water beneath Earth’s surface.
Groundwater
1. ____________ is the water beneath Earth’s surface.

4. aquifer
2. An ______ is a body of rock that stores groundwater and allows it to flow.

5. 3. The percentage of the total ________ of rock that consists of open spaces is called ________.
volume
porosity

6. 4. The amount of uniformity in the size of rock or sediment _______ is called ______.
particles
sorting

7. 5. __________ is the ability of rock to let fluids pass through its pores.
Permeability

8. 6. Open spaces in rock must be connected in order for the rock to be __________.
permeable

9. 7. The layer of an aquifer in which the pore space is completely filled with water is called the zone of _________.
saturation

10. 8. The upper surface of underground water is called the _____ _____.
table

11. 9. The aquifer zone that lies between the water table and Earth’s surface is called the zone of ________.
aeration

12. 10. ________ is the steepness of a slope.
Gradient
10. ________ is the steepness of a slope.

13. 11. A second water table that sits above the first water table is called a _______ water table.
perched

14. 12. The area where water from the surface can move through permeable rock to reach an aquifer is called a ________ zone.
recharge

15. 13. A natural flow of groundwater to Earth’s surface is called a ______.
spring

16. 14. Pumping water from a well lowers the water table around the well and causes a _____ of __________.
cone
depression

17. artesian formation
15. An _______ ________ is a sloping layer of permeable rock sandwiched between two layers of impermeable rock.

18. 16. Wells, springs, and artesian formations bring _____ to Earth’s surface.
water

19. Geysers
hot springs
17. _______ and ___ ______ are land features formed by hot groundwater.

20. 18. A ______ is a hot spring that erupts through vents.
geyser

21. Chapter 16 Section 2 Study Notes:
Groundwater and Chemical Weathering

22. 1. Water rich in dissolved minerals is called _____ water.
hard

23. 2. Water with low concentrations of dissolved minerals is called ____ water.
soft

24. 3. Carbonic acid breaks down minerals in rock in a process called ________ __________.
chemical
weathering

25. 4. Rock becomes chemically weathered when ________ acid, formed when water passes through soil and ________ minerals in the rock.
carbonic
dissolves

26. 5. Rock that is rich in the mineral ______ is especially vulnerable to chemical weathering?
calcite

27. cavern
6. A ______ is a natural cavity in rock that forms as a result of the _________ of minerals.
dissolving

28. 7. A cone-shaped deposit of calcite on the ceiling of a cave is called a ________.
stalactite

29. 8. Calcite formations standing on the floor of a cavern are called _________.
stalagmite

30. 9. A circular depression that forms on the surface when rock ________ is called a ________.
dissolves
sink hole

31. 10. _____ __________ is irregular landforms created by the ________ weathering of rock by groundwater.
Karst topography
chemical

32. 11. A region that clearly shows the results of chemical weathering is called _____ __________.
Karst topography

33. 12. Common features of karst topography include closely spaced _________ and _______.
sink holes
caverns

34. The End!!!