1. The Energy Charter and Turkmenistan Patrick Larkin Energy Charter Secretariat

2. Turkmenistan Energy Outlook Considerable proven gas reserves Region’s largest gas producer Substantial potential to expand production Scope to reduce domestic gas consumption Multiple export routes possibilities Potential for additional exports

3. Turkmen Gas Export Routes Source: OECD/IEA

4. WHAT IS THE CHARTER?  Dec. 1991 – Energy Charter political commitment - not legally binding  Dec. 1994 - Energy Charter Treaty legally binding (51 states + EC and Euratom) entered into force April 1998  Energy Charter Process based on the ECT – international policy forum, best practices exchange, cooperation with interested third parties

5. Energy Charter Constituency ■Observer States ■Energy Charter Treaty Signatory States (1994) Observer Organisations: ASEAN, EBRD, IEA, OECD, UN-ECE, World Bank, WTO, CIS Power Council, BSEC, BASREC

6. KEY PRINCIPLES  Open and efficient energy markets  Non-discrimination among participants  Sustainable development  State sovereignty over natural resources  Freedom of transit  Environmentally sound and energy- efficient policies

7. ECT – MAIN FOCUS  protection of foreign investments, based on the extension of national treatment or most-favoured nation treatment (whichever is more favourable)  non-discriminatory conditions for energy trade based on WTO rules  ensuring reliable cross-border energy transit  resolution of disputes between participating states, and - in the case of investments - between investors and host states  promotion of energy efficiency (PEEREA)

8. Energy Charter Treaty Investment Protection Transit Energy Efficiency Trade Energy Charter (Declaration) Dispute Settlement Energy Investment Climate

9. Turkmenistan and the ECT Prominent member since early days One of the first to sign Treaty and actively involved in all Charter activities since then Seventeen years of successful cooperation – only the beginning

10. CENTRAL ASIA – IMPORTANT REGION OF THE ECT CONSTITUENCY  Major energy-producing region  Active members of the Energy Charter Conference and Groups  Active participants in the Energy Charter Process  Regional Energy Cooperation

11. REGIONAL ENERGY COOPERATION  Regional Task Force on Electricity Cooperation in Central and South Asia  Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan  Established in 2007, 6 meetings  Focus: developing a framework for sustainable and secure regional power trade based on the principles of the Energy Charter   Regional Energy Cooperation

12. PROTECTING THE SECURITY OF ENERGY FLOWS  Model Cross-Border Agreements  Dispute resolution mechanisms, in particular:  ECT Article 27 on State-to-State disputes  ECT Article 26 on Investor-State disputes  ECT Article 7(7) on Transit disputes

13. MODEL CROSS-BORDER AGREEMENTS  Oil and Gas Pipelines – 2 ND edition  Model Inter-Governmental Agreement for state-to-state agreements  Model Host Government Agreement for agreements between an individual state and the project investors  Electricity Projects (being finalised)  Adapted from Pipeline MAs, plus System and Market Interoperability Model Agreement

14. Secure and Reliable Transit For many years ECT members have been engaged in negotiations on a separate Protocol on Transit which is intended to specify the binding rules of the Energy Charter Treaty in more detail President Gurbanguly Muhamedov’s initiative on the UN resolution on “Reliable and Stable Transit of Energy and its role in Ensuring Sustainable Development and International Cooperation” December 2008

15. DISPUTE RESOLUTION MECHANISMS: ECT Article 7(7)  ECT Article 7 on Transit  Access to transit  Conditions of transit  Non-interference of transit  Freedom of transit principle  ECT Article 7(7) – conciliation procedure for transit disputes

16. DISPUTE RESOLUTION MECHANISMS: ECT Article 7(7)  TRANSIT REMAINS UNINTERRUPTED  Exhaustion of all previously agreed remedies  a party submits a summary to the Secretary General, who notifies all concerned parties  within 30 days SG appoints a conciliator  within 90 days the conciliator seeks agreement of the parties  in case of failure - recommends a resolution, sets interim tariffs and terms:  12 months, or  resolution of dispute (whichever is earlier)

17. Discussions on Areas of Mutual Interest and Concern ECT a leading inter-governmental forum for exchanging information on matters such as access to transit pipelines, tariff setting, congestion management and investment in new transit infrastructure ECT important to ensuring that energy relations in the region operate on basis of international law ECT encourages investment

18. Future for the Energy Charter A need to think carefully on arrangements for energy governance Modernisation of the Energy Charter Process Modernisation means strengthening existing provisions and supplementing the ECT with new protocols and clarification of the existing text

19. Energy Charter Modernisation Process Energy Charter Conference Energy Charter Groups  The Strategy Group Rome Statement (2009) Road Map for the Modernisation of the Energy Charter Process

20. Conclusion Energy Charter Process – a positive contribution to the energy future of Turkmenistan and the whole Energy Charter Constituency

21. Thank you Tel. +32-2-775-98-00 Email: info@encharter.org www.encharter.orginfo@encharter.org