1. WiMAX/LTE : 4G Wireless Broadband Networks 1 中山大學 電機系 許蒼嶺教授

3. 行動通信標準演進 3

4. Evolution of Wireless Access Technologies 4 802.11n (smart antennas) 802.11 Mesh extns. Local Area Fixed Wide Area Mobile Coverage/Mobility Metro Area Nomadic 802.16 (Fixed LOS) 802.16a/d (Fixed NLOS) 802.11b/a/g Mobile Industry Fixed Wireless Industry 4G Air Interfaces Data Rates (kbps) 100,000 + 3GPP2 CDMA 2000-1X HRPDA 1x EVDO 1x EVDV Rel. C 1x EVDV Rel. D GSM UMTS HSPA GPRSEDGE LTE 3GPP MOBILE BROADBAND DSL Experience Dial Up Higher Data Rate / Lower Cost per Bit 802.16e (Mobile WIMAX)

5. WiMAX vs 3GPP 發展時程 5

6. 3GPP Radio Access Milestones

8. Operator’s Service Stack 8 IMS Layer Application services Mobility, Policy and Administration Services EPC Core network Access technologies connection gateways Access Technologies WiMAXLTE DSLAM WiFi Devices

9. WiMAX Market Position 9 Mobile (GSM / GPRS / 3G /HSPA /LTE) Mobile (GSM / GPRS / 3G /HSPA /LTE) xDSL / FTTx

10. 現有無線接取技術比較 10 Technical Winner Market Winner = ?

11. 11 WiMAX 市場現況

12. 12 Source : Ovum 2008/12 Population penetration of mobile, fixed and broadband across Asia-Pacific

13. WiMAX Markets in Developed Country 13 Fix and Nomadic broadband access  Broadband Penetration > 50%  Broadband Infrastructure is Developed  vs. xDSL / FTTx No Significant Technical advantage except Nomadic Incumbent Operator cost advantage  High Initial CAPX needed Mobile (Voice & Data)  Mobile Voice Penetration : Saturation  Mobile Data Penetration : 20% ~80 %  vs. 3G / HSPA Narrow advantage in Bandwidth Great Disadvantage in Eco-System No Significant advantage in Cost & Price  High Initial CAPX needed Niche Market  Rural : Low ARPU  Bundle Service Triple play Killer Application ? WiMAX is Still Looking for Business Model

14. WiMAX Markets in Emerging Country 14 Fix and Nomadic broadband access  Broadband Penetration < 5%  Broadband Infrastructure is Low  vs. xDSL / FTTx Significant CAPX advantage Significant Deploying time advantage  Demand Growing Mobile (Voice & Data)  Mobile Voice Penetration : Growing rapidly (prepaid dominated)  Mobile Data Penetration : < 5%  vs. 3G / HSPA Narrow advantage in Bandwidth Great Disadvantage in Eco-System No Significant advantage in Cost & Price WiMAX Opportunity ?

15. Markets in Emerging Country 15 越南，胡志明市 具備 WiMAX 市場機會但卻選擇 3GPP 陣營

16. 台灣 WiMAX 產業鏈 16

17. 17 Source : 工研院 IEK 2010/3

18. 18 TOP5 WiMAX Vendors Strategy Source: Ovum 2009/9

19. An Industry War 19

20. 3GPP 是市場主流 20

21. 21 IEEE std 802.16

22. 22 Standard Roadmap IEEE 802.16 - 2001 IEEE 802.16a/b/c - 2003  Amendments to 802.16-2001 IEEE 802.16 - 2004  Compatibility issue with HIPERMAN of ETSI  802.16d project  Replace previous standards  Fixed site access IEEE 802.16e, 16f - 2005 (amendment)  Extend to mobility  MIB IEEE 802.16g-2007(amendment)  Management Plane Procedures and Services IEEE 802.16j – 2008

23. 23 Features Broad Bandwidth  Up to 134.4Mbit/s  Transit over 50KM Typical Architecture  1 BS + n SSs  PMP or MESH Spectrums  From 2 to 66 GHz  NLOS and LOS Duplexing Techniques  TDD or FDD WiMAX Forum  Conformance and Interoperability

24. 24 Scope of Standard PHY SAP MAC SAP CS SAP Service-Specific Convergence Sublayer ( MAC CS ) Common Part Sublayer ( MAC CPS ) Security Sublayer ( MAC SS ) Physical Layer (PHY) MAC PHY Scheduliing Services QoS Parameters Bandwidth Allocation

25. 25 TDMA/OFDM/OFDMA

38. 38 IEEE 802.16j-2008 One MR-BS (Multi-hop Relay - Base Station) and many RS (Relay Station) Transparent mode  Only data are relayed via RS  Remove obstruction Non-Transparent mode  Expand service coverage  Both signaling and data are relayed via RS  Increase utilization/throughput

39. IEEE 802.16j WiMAX 39

40. IEEE 802.16j Configuration 40

41. Transparent RS 41

42. Non-Transparent RS 42

43. 43 OFDMA Symbol and Transparent RS Frame

44. 44 OFDMA Symbol and Non-Transparent RS Frame

45. IEEE 802.16j Multi-hopTopology 45

46. 46 IEEE 802.16j Independent Scheduling Zones

47. 47 Bandwidth Request: Store-and-Forward Mode

48. 48 Bandwidth Request: End-to-End Mode

49. Centralized vs Distributed Scheduling Centralized Scheduling  For small size of networks  Only BS to do bandwidth allocations Distributed Scheduling  For networks with hops greater than 2  Both RS and BS do bandwidth allocations 49

50. 50 Centralized Scheduling

51. 51 Distributed Scheduling

52. 52 Modules for Distributed Scheduling in BS/RS

53. 53 Classification & Addressing SSBS Uplink Downlink SFID SFID : Service Flow Identifier (32 bits) CID : Connection Identifier (16 bits)

54. 54 Scheduling Services Priority802.16-2004 ServiceType 802.16e-2005 ServiceType Typical Appcations 1stUGS T1/E1 transport VoIP without silence suppression 2ndertPSERT-VR VoIP with silence suppression 3rdrtPSRT-VR MPEG Video 4thnrtPSNRT-VR FTP with guaranteed minimum throughput 5thBE HTTP

55. 55 QoS ParamSet UGS ： Maximum Latency Tolerated Jitter Uplink Grant Scheduling Type Request/Transmission Policy ERT-VR ： Maximum Latency Uplink Grant Scheduling Type Request/Transmission Policy RT-VR ： Maximum Sustained Traffic Rate Minimum Reserved Traffic Rate Maximum Latency Uplink Grant Scheduling Type Request/Transmission Policy NRT-VR ： Minimum Reserved Traffic Rate Uplink Grant Scheduling Type Request/Transmission Policy BE ： Lowest traffic Priority Request/Transmission Policy QoS ParamSet

56. 56 Bandwidth Allocation Uplink Packet Scheduler (802.16 Frame Maker) CIDs & QoS-ParamSets INPUTOUTPUT UL-MAP UL-MAP :Uplink Map

57. 57 Summary of MAC and the undefined part of IEEE 802.16 INPUT OUTPUT

58. 58 Modulations & Channel Size Access Range: QPSK > QAM16 > QAM 64 Data Rate: QAM64 > QAM16 > QPSK US European Uplink Mandarory Downlink Mandarory

59. 59 Frame Durations with TDD Frame Structure 0.5/1/2 ms

60. 60 Number of PS in 16-QAM Frame duration = 1 ms Signal (Baud) rate = 16 Mbauds/sec 4 bits in a signal (baud) using 16-QAM Ts=LT, Data rate, R = LS = 4 x16 = 64 Mbps Number of PS (Physical Slot)  (64 Mbps x 1 ms) / 16 bits = 4000  Assume every PS = 16 bits

61. 4G: IEEE 802.16m and LTE-A ITU-R’s IMT-Advanced (4G) requirements  up to 1 Gbps in static or low mobility environment  up to 100 Mbps in high-speed mobile environment Multicarrier is the technology to utilize wider bandwidth for parallel data transmission across multiple RF carriers.  IEEE 802.16m  LTE-A Carrier Aggregation (CA) Component Carrier (CC)

63. LTE-A Enhanced Multicast Broadcast Service (EMBS)

64. LTE-A: E-MBS Deployment with Broadcast Only and Mixed Carrier

65. LTE-A: Carrier Types From the perspective of an advanced MS (AMS)  Primary carriers exchanges traffic and control signals with an advanced BS (ABS) mobility, state, and context  Secondary carriers An ABS can additionally assign secondary carrier(s) to an AMS Controlled by the ABS through the primary carrier

66. LTE-A: Carrier Types From the perspective of an ABS  Fully configured carrier carrying all control channels synchronization, broadcast, multicast, and unicast control channels both single-carrier and multicarrier AMSs can be served  Partially configured carrier primarily to support downlink only transmission only for frequency-division duplex (FDD) deployment a dedicated EMBS carrier is one example

67. IEEE WiMAX Frame Structure

68. Basic WiMAX Frame Structure 1.Type-1 AAI subframe that consists of six OFDMA symbols. 2.Type-2 AAI subframe that consists of seven OFDMA symbols. 3.Type-3 AAI subframe that consists of five OFDMA symbols. 4.Type-4 AAI subframe that consists of nine OFDMA symbols. This type shall be applied only to an UL AAI subframe for the 8.75 MHz channel bandwidth when supporting the WirelessMANOFDMA frames.

70. IEEE 802.16m OFDMA Parameters 70 Nominal Channel Bandwidth (MHz)578.751020 Over-sampling Factor28/258/7 28/25 Sampling Frequency (MHz)5.681011.222.4 FFT Size5121024 2048 Sub-Carrier Spacing (kHz)10.9375007.8125009.76562510.937500 Useful Symbol Time Tu (μs)91.429128102.491.429 Cyclic Prefix (CP) Tg=1/8 Tu Symbol Time Ts (μs) 102.857 144115.2102.857 FDD No. of OFDM symbols per Frame 48344348 Idle time (μs)62.85710446.4062.857 TDD No. of OFDM symbols per Frame 47334247 TTG + RTG (μs)165.714248161.6165.714 Cyclic Prefix (CP) Tg=1/16 Tu Symbol Time Ts(μs)97.143136108.897.143 FDD No. of OFDM symbols per Frame 51364551 Idle time (μs)45.71104 45.71 TDD No. of OFDM symbols per Frame 50354450 TTG + RTG (μs)142.853240212.8142.853 Number of used subcarriers433865 1729

71. 802.16m Guard Bands

72. Baud Rate B: baud rate, number of symbols in one second S: number of symbols in an OFDMA Sub-frame T: OFDMA Sub-frame duration N: number of sub-carriers in an OFDMA frame B = (S/T)xN

73. Data Rate R: data rate (bps) M: number of different signal elements in MCS B: baud rate, number of symbols in one second R = B x

74. 802.16e V.S. 802.16m 802.16e802.16m Bandwidth(MHz)10 Sampling frequency(MHz)11.2 FFT size1024 Sub-carrier frequency spacing(kHz)10.94 Frame duration(ms)55 Useful symbol time(us)91.4 Guard time(us)11.4 OFDMA symbols48 OFDMA symbol duration(us)102.9 Number of used sub-carriers841(840)865 Number of guard sub-carriers183(184)159 Number of pilot sub-carriers120 Number of data sub-carrier720745 Data rate for QPSK(Mbps)13.8214.30 Data rate for 16QAM(Mbps)27.6528.61 Data rate for 64QAM(Mbps)41.4742.91

75. Multicarrier Frame Structure An example of multicarrier frame structure with legacy support.

76. Multicarrier Transceiver Architectures Basic concept of subcarrier alignment.

77. 802.16m Multicarrier Operation with Usage of The Guard Bands

78. Multicarrier Transceiver Architectures Different types of AMS transceiver architecture for multicarrier aggregation.

79. Network Entry Network entry procedure for multicarrier support. AAI: Advanced Air Interface

80. Activation and Deactivation of Assigned Carriers Multilevel carrier management scheme.

81. Handover

82. Relay Related Connections

83. Fractional Frequency Reuse

84. CA Scenarios and Component Carrier (CC) Types Example of carrier aggregation scenarios:  a) contiguous aggregation of five component carriers with equal bandwidth  b) non-contiguous aggregation of component carriers with different bandwidths

85. Primary and Secondary CCs UE served bPCell/SCell configuration for different y the same eNB

87. References 1. I.-K. Fu et al., “Multicarrier Technology for 4G WiMax System,” IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 48, Issue 8, Page(s): 50–58, Aug. 2010. 2. S. Ahmadi, “An Overview of Mext-Generation Mobile WiMAX Technology,” IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 47, Issue 6, Page(s): 84–98, Jun. 2009. 3. O. Oyman, J. Foerster, Y.-J. Tcha, and S.-C. Lee, “Toward enhanced mobile video services over WiMAX and LTE,” IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 48, Issue 8, Page(s): 68-76, Aug. 2010. 4. K.I. Pedersen et al., “Carrier Aggregation for LTE-Advanced: Functionality and Performance Aspects,” IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 49, Issue 6, Page(s): 89-95, Jun. 2011. 5. M. Iwamura et al., “Carrier Aggregation Framework in 3GPP LTE-Advanced,” IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 48, Issue 8, Page(s): 60-67, Aug. 2010.