1. Rapid micro-evolution and loss of chromosomal diversity in Drosophila in response to climate warming A study by Francisco Rodriguez-Telles and Miguel A. Rodriguez

2. The Problem: Global warming is introducing ecological conditions that organisms have never before encountered

3. Empirical evidence: bacteria and other simple organisms can evolve quickly in response to ecological pressure –Short generation time –Large, varied populations –Frequent mutation Can more complex organisms with smaller population sizes and longer generation times evolve rapidly enough to meet pressures due to higher temperatures?

4. Study population: Drosophila subobscura

5.   –Drosophila is isothermal – habitat determines body temperature

6. The O chromosome The O chromosome is linked to thermo- tolerance traits –Hsp70 gene Inversions of at least one gene on the O chromosome cause measurable phenotypic differences among individuals –15 arrangements exist in the population Inversion arrangements affect physiology and behavior

7. Common arrangements O ST, O 3+4, O 3+4+7, O 3+4+8

8. Climate affects geographic distribution of arrangements Frequency of arrangements fluctuates with the seasonal cycles This fluctuation parallels changes in temperature

9. Methods Drosophila were collected in spring, early summer, late summer, and autumn from 1976-80 and 1988-91 in a southern Palearctic habitat Frequencies of common O chromosomal inversion arrangements were recorded in each year

10. Chromosomal diversity was calculated: IFR = Index of free recombination Number of inversions Frequency of inversions Length of inversions Amount of euchromatin not involved in the inversion loops

11. Low IFR value means population is becoming more heterogeneous -- more arrangements are present in the population

12. Climate Statistical tests used to determine: –change in climate over the study period –effect of each variable and combinations of climactic variables on distribution of arrangements

13. Results Decrease in: –Relative humidity –Annual precipitation Temperature increased linearly Temperature had strongest correlation to shifts in frequency of arrangements

14. From top to bottom: summer, spring, autumn, winter Arrows indicate years in which sampling occurred

15. Overall, 18.3% loss of diversity in chromosome arrangements

17. O ST arrangement Decreased in frequency 40.7% –Negative correlation with year Frequency depends on temperature Decreased most in late summer and early fall when temperatures were highest Strong correlation with latitude –Present more in latitudes with colder temperatures

18. O 3+4+8 arrangement Decreased in frequency in the population –Negatively correlated with year

19. O 3+4 arrangement Frequency increased over 16-year-period –Positively correlated with year Shift in frequency due to change in temperature and humidity

20. O 3+4+7 arrangement No significant shift in frequency –No correlation with year

21. Inferred advantage: –Increased temp led to increased frequency of arrangement O 3+4 –O 3+4 is present in highest frequencies in warmer parts of the habitat Therefore, O 3+4 is advantageous in warmer climates –Hypothesis: Selection for this arrangement in warmer temps

22. Inferred disadvantage: –Increased temperature led to decrease in frequency of O ST and O 3+4+8 –O ST and O 3+4+8 arrangements more prevalent in colder parts of habitat –Individuals with O ST arrangement are least active during the hottest parts of the day –O ST and O 3+4+8 are advantageous in colder climates –Hypothesis: Selection against these arrangements in warmer temperatures

23. Supporting Studies Gilchrist and Huey, 1999 –Temperature sensitivity is heritable –Correlation between increase in preferred temperature and decreased genetic variation (graph) Levitan and Etges –Identified “southern” chromosome arrangements that have increased in frequency in northern populations in recent years –Frequency of “northern” arrangements has decreased “almost to the point of extinction”

25. Implications Effect of increased global temperature on Drosophila models possible impact on humans and other complex organisms Warmer temperatures lead to a decrease of genetic variety in populations If trend continues, directional selection could move some arrangements to fixation and result in the loss of others

26. Currently, Drosophila is not experiencing any negative effects from the loss of certain chromosomal inversion arrangements In fact the population is responding well to selection pressure

27. However, the cost of rapid evolution may be a decrease in variation of arrangements Decreased genetic variation decreases species’ capacity to respond to future selection pressure, retain fitness, and avoid extinction Natural selection depends on: –Variation in traits –Differential reproductive success –Homogeneity inhibits response to selection

28. What if we didn’t believe in evolution? Could not attribute large-scale loss of genetic diversity to many small changes in each generation that have accumulated Could not explain how organisms adapt and evolve in response to conditions they have never before encountered, since ID believes they originated as they are now and have not changed over time

29. References Gilchrist, George W. and Huey, Raymond B. 1999. The direct response of Drosophila melanogaster to selection on knockdown temperature. Nature, 15-29. Levitan, Max and Etges, William J. 2005. Climate change and recent genetic flux in populations of Drosophila robusta. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 5:4. Rodriguez-Trelles, Francisco and Rodriguez, Miguel A. 1998. Rapid micro-evolution and loss of chromosomal diversity in Drosophila in response to climate warming. Evolutionary Ecology, 829-838.