1. Key Facts About Labor Unions, Labor Laws, and Labor Strikes

2. The Knights of Labor Terence V. Powderly, 1886 Grew rapidly because of a combination of open membership policy, the continuation of industrialization, and the growth of urban population Knights welcomed unskilled and semiskilled workers, including women, immigrants, and African Americans Had an ideal vision that they could eliminate conflict between labor and management – Believed labor should own industries Haymarket Square Bombing signaled end of Knights influence

3. The Industrial Workers of the World IWW was led by “Mother” Jones, Big Bill Haywood, and Eugene Debs Strove to unite all laborers, including unskilled workers IWW’s motto was “an injury to one is an injury to all” – “One Big Union” IWW endorsed violent tactics and class conflict (unlike Knights of Labor) Never as big as Knights, collapsed during WWI

4. The American Federation of Labor Led by Samuel Gompers An alliance of skilled workers in craft unions Concentrated on bread and butter issues such as higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions – Most conservative of early labor unions – Did not support unions for women and African-Americans

5. Great Railroad Strike, 1877 Considered the first general strike in American history Paralyzed the nation’s commerce for 45 days Governors in 10 states forced to use state militia to reopen rail traffic

6. Sherman Antitrust Act, 1890 This act forbade unreasonable combinations or contracts in restraint of trade Little immediate impact – Actually used against labor unions Act declared illegal “every contract, combination in the form of trust, or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of trade among the several states”

7. Homestead Strike, 1892 Strike began as a dispute between iron and steel workers union (AA) and Carnegie Steel Company AA refused to accept pay cuts and went on strike in Homestead, PA Strike culminated in a battle between strikers and private security guards hired by the company (Pinkertons)

8. Pullman Strike, 1894 Late 19 th century characterized by a number of violent strikes – Two best known were Homestead, 1892 and Pullman, 1894 Pullman Palace Car Company cut wages but maintained rents and prices in a company town of 12,000, workers struck Pullman Strike halted a substantial portion of American rail commerce Strike ended when President Grover Cleveland ordered federal troops to Chicago (injunction) to crush the strike (protection of interstate commerce)

9. Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902 This was a strike by the United Mine Workers of America in the anthracite coal fields of eastern Pennsylvania It was arbitrated with the active involvement of President Theodore Roosevelt; this marked the first time the federal government intervened in a labor dispute as a neutral arbitrator

10. The Wagner Act of 1935 AKA the National Labor Relations Act Often referred to as the Magna Carta of Labor because it ensured workers’ right to organize and bargain collectively Passage of the act led to a dramatic rise in labor union membership

11. Congress of Industrial Workers Led by John L. Lewis Organized unskilled and semiskilled workers in basic manufacturing industries such as steel and automobiles Split between AFL and CIO – AFL favored organization based on skills and trades – CIO favored organization of all workers in a particular industry

12. Taft-Hartley Act, 1947 Primary purpose was to curb the power of labor unions Supporters of Taft-Hartley believed the following: – Unions were abusing their powers – Widespread strikes would endanger the nation’s vital defense industries – Some labor leaders had been infiltrated by communists – Employers were being coerced into hiring union workers Organized labor opposed the Taft-Hartley Act Passed over President Truman’s veto

13. United Farm Workers Organized and led by Cesar Chavez (Chavez is best-known Latino civil rights activist) Union of farm workers Tactics used by Chavez included hunger strikes Most farmworkers were Mexican immigrants and Mexican-Americans