1. The International Dimension of Transformation Introduction to postcommunism, lecture by Henri Vogt, 9/4/2013

2. Lecture outline The spread/ diffusion of democracy and the external impacts of 1989 active vs. passive leverage EU membership debates (in Estonia) Differences between the ”Europeanness” of East and West Europeans

3. The external impacts The third wave of democracy (Samuel Huntington): first wave from the French Revolution to 1922 when Mussolini came to power; second after WW2 until 1962; third from 1974 (Portugal) Whitehead (1996): contagion; control; consent (or cooperation) Geographical proximity to Western Europe as a key for success

4. Passive leverage Based on the idea of a return to Europe, and increasing economic cooperation in the early 1990s. Political benefits - protection of EU rules; voice in EU decision-making Economic benefits; -access to EU market; transfers from EU budget; increased investment and growth; increased entrepreneurship + skills Benefits are shaped by: - Costs of exclusion when neighbouring states are joining - EU treatment of non-members Additional benefit: -EU membership conditionality as a catalyst for domestic reform Question: Why did the EU want to have new members?

5. Active Leverage The Copenhagen criteria of 1993 - to join the EU, a new Member State had to meet the following three criteria : political: stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and protection of minorities; economic: existence of a functioning market economy and the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union; acceptance of the Community acquis: ability to take on the obligations of membership, including adherence to the aims of political, economic and monetary union.

6. Active EU policies in the region PHARE, beginning 1989, before 2004 used some 10 billion euros Tacis 1991 - 2006 From 2007 European Neighbourhood Policy and EuropeAid (European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument – approximately 11 billion for 2007-13)

7. EU Debates in Estonia Can be understood in the context of passive leverage Raik 2004 argues that the debate was based on four catchwords: - Inevitability, - Speed - Efficiency - Expertise Prime Minister Mart Laar in 2001 (in Postimees): ”We really are in a damned hurry […] This irrefutable truth is absolutely obvious to anyone who for a moment thinks about our position and history.”

8. Literature Milada Anna Vachudová: Europe Undivided. OPU 2005 Kristi Raik: EU accession of Central and Eastern European Countries: Democracy and Integration as Conflicting Logics. EEPS, vol. 18, no. 4, 2004 Whitehead, Laurence (1996) : Three International Dimensions of Democratization. In L. Whitehead (ed.), The International Dimensions of Democratization. Europe and the Americas. OUP Sten Berglund, Joakim Ekman, Henri Vogt and Frank Aarebrot: The Making of the European Union. Foundations, Institutions and Future Trends. Cheltenham, UK & Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar 2006