1. Industrialization and Workers
Effects of Industrialization
Ch. 6.3

2. The Growing Work Force Increase in immigrants:
14 million new immigrants to the U.S. between 1860 and 1900
From the US population jumped from 31.4 million to 91.9 million.
Over this span of forty years the population tripled in size.
Contract Labor Act (1864)
Immigration was encouraged by the federal government
Employers made contracts with immigrants in exchange for passage to the U.S.

3. The Growing Work Force
8-9 million Americans moved to cities during the late 1800s due to poor conditions and struggles on farms.
46% of the U.S. population lived in urban areas.
Cities stretched to accommodate these millions and deteriorated in the process.

4. Factory Work Most laborers worked 12 hrs. a day six days a week.
1868 Federal employees granted eight-hour work day
but this didn’t apply to private industry

5. Factory Work
Piecework: A system where workers were paid not by the time worked but by what they produced.
Most of this type of work was done in sweatshops.
A shop where employees worked long hours, at low wages, under poor working conditions

6. Factory Work Increasing Efficiency - Division of Labor -
Fredrick Winslow Taylor-
Goal to increase productivity to increase profits but sometimes led to layoffs.
Division of Labor -
factory workers performed one small task, over and over, and rarely saw the finished product.
Caused workers to be disconnected from the finished product and
Owners saw their employees as “parts” and did not interact with them as much.

7. Factory Work The Work Environment Workers were ruled by the clock
Discipline was strict
Workplaces were not always safe--noise, poor lighting and ventilation were challenges.
Still offered better pay and more opportunities than other jobs.
The practice of child labor came under attack [Jacob Riis]

8. Working Families
In the 1880’s children made up more than 5% of the industrial labor force.
Children’s wages often supplemented the family income and some left school to work.
Families in need relied on private charities as the government did not provide public assistance.

9. The Great Strikes
Ch. 6.4

10. Gulf Between Rich and Poor
In 1890 the richest 9% of Americans held about 75% of the wealth.
Socialism gained popularity
An economic and political philosophy that favors public instead of private of the means of production.
Wealth should be distributed equally to everyone.
The wealthy saw this as a threat to their fortunes, politicians saw it as a threat to public order.

11. The Rise of Labor Unions
The Knights of Labor
Hoped to organize all working men and women, skilled and unskilled into a single union and recruited African Americans.
They fought for:
Equal pay for equal work, and 8-hour workday and an end to child labor
Sought to help their members through political activity and education
Sponsored first Labor Day on September 5, 1882

12. The Rise of Labor Unions
American Federation of Labor
The AFL was a craft union
Hoped to organize only skilled workers in a network of smaller unions each devoted to a specific craft.
Women and African Americans were generally excluded.
Focused mainly on issues of workers’ wages, hours and working conditions.
Used economic pressure against employers-strikes and boycotts.
Collective bargaining:
the process in which workers negotiate as a group with employers.

13. The Rise of Labor Unions
The Wobblies
Founded by those who opposed the AFL’s policies
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
A radical union focused on unskilled workers and included many socialists.
Many of their strikes were violent

14. The Rise of Labor Unions
Reaction of Employers
They generally disliked and feared unions
Took measures to stop unions
Forbid union meetings
Firing union organizers
Sign “yellow dog” contract
Refuse to bargain collectively.
Forbidding union meetings
Firing union organizers
Forcing new employees to sign “yellow dog” contracts-promised never to join a union or participate in a strike
Refusing to bargain collectively
Refusing to recognize union reps.

15. Railroad Workers Organize
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877
Railway workers protested unfair wage cuts and unsafe working conditions.
The strike was violent and unorganized.
President Hayes sent federal troops to put down the strikes.
From then on, employers relied on federal and state troops to repress labor unrest.
Debs and the American Railway Union
At the time of the 1877 strike, railroad workers mainly organized into various “brotherhoods,” which were basically craft unions.
Eugene V. Debs proposed a new industrial union for all railway workers called the American Railway Union (A.R.U.).
The A.R.U. would replace all of the brotherhoods and unite all railroad workers, skilled and unskilled.

16. The Haymarket Riot Haymarket, 1886
On May 1, groups of workers mounted a national demonstration for an eight-hour workday.
On May 3, police broke up a fight between strikers and scabs. (A scab is a negative term for a worker called in by an employer to replace striking laborers.)
Union leaders called a protest rally on the evening of May 4 in Chicago’s Haymarket Square.
A group of anarchists, radicals who oppose all government, joined the strikers.
At the event, someone threw a bomb that killed a police officer.
The riot that followed killed dozens on both sides.
Investigators never found the bomb thrower, yet eight anarchists were tried for conspiracy to commit murder. Four were hanged.

17. Haymarket Strike

18. Strikes Rock the Nation
Homestead 1892
In 1892, Andrew Carnegie’s partner, Henry Frick, tried to cut workers’ wages at Carnegie Steel.
The union called a strike and Frick called in the Pinkertons.
The union called off the Homestead Strike after an anarchist tried to assassinate Frick.
Even though the anarchist was not connected to the strike, the public associated his act with rising labor violence.

19. Strikes Rock the Nation
Pullman, 1894
Eugene Debs instructed strikers not to interfere with the nation’s mail.
Railway owners turned to the government for help. The judge cited the Sherman Antitrust Act and won a court order forbidding all union activity that halted railroad traffic.
Court orders against unions continued, limiting union gains for the next 30 years.

20. Labor Unions Changed Big Business!