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Pick up the PPT notes and the practice paper off the front demo table. PAP CHEMISTRY
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ACIDS AND BASES www.lab-initio.com PAP Chem Chapter 1: Intro to Chem
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Properties electrolytes turn litmus red sour taste react with metals to form H 2 gas slippery feel turn litmus blue bitter taste ChemASAP vinegar, milk, soda, apples, citrus fruits ammonia, lye, antacid, baking soda
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Acids are Proton (H + ion) Donors Strong acids are assumed to be 100% ionized in solution (good H + donors). Weak acids are usually less than 5% ionized in solution (poor H + donors). HCl H 2 SO 4 HNO 3 H 3 PO 4 HC2H3O2HC2H3O2 Organic acids
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Strength Strong Acid/Base 100% ionized in water strong electrolyte - + HCl HNO 3 H 2 SO 4 HBr HI HClO 4 NaOH KOH Ca(OH) 2 Ba(OH) 2
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Strength Weak Acid/Base does not ionize completely weak electrolyte - + HF CH 3 COOH H 3 PO 4 H 2 CO 3 HCN NH 3
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Acids Have a pH less than 7
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Acids Taste Sour Citric acid in citrus fruit Malic acid in sour apples Lactic acid in sour milk and sore muscles Butyric acid in rancid butter Organic acids are weak acids. Some are used as flavoring agents in food.
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Acids Effect Indicators Blue litmus paper turns red in contact with an acid. Methyl orange turns red with addition of an acid
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Acids React with Active Metals Acids react with active metals to form salts and hydrogen gas. Mg + 2HCl MgCl 2 + H 2 (g) Zn + 2HCl ZnCl 2 + H 2 (g) Mg + H 2 SO 4 MgSO 4 + H 2 (g)
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Acids React with Carbonates 2HC 2 H 3 O 2 + Na 2 CO 3 2 NaC 2 H 3 O 2 + H 2 O + CO 2
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Effects of Acid Rain on Marble (calcium carbonate) George Washington: BEFORE George Washington: AFTER
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Acids Neutralize Bases HCl + NaOH NaCl + H 2 O Neutralization reactions ALWAYS produce a salt and water. H 2 SO 4 + 2NaOH Na 2 SO 4 + 2H 2 O 2HNO 3 + Mg(OH) 2 Mg(NO 3 ) 2 + 2H 2 O OH - (hydroxide) in base combines with H + in acids to form water H + + OH - H 2 O
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Definitions Arrhenius - In aqueous solution… HCl + H 2 O H 3 O + + Cl – AcidsAcids form hydronium ions (H 3 O + ) H HHHH H Cl OO – + acid
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Definitions Arrhenius - In aqueous solution… BasesBases form hydroxide ions (OH - ) NH 3 + H 2 O NH 4 + + OH - H H H H H H N NO O – + H H H H base
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Definitions Brønsted-Lowry HCl + H 2 O Cl – + H 3 O + AcidsAcids are proton (H + ) donors. BasesBases are proton (H + ) acceptors. conjugate acid conjugate base baseacid
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Definitions H 2 O + HNO 3 H 3 O + + NO 3 – CBCAAB
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Definitions - can be an acid or a base. Amphoteric - can be an acid or a base. NH 3 + H 2 O NH 4 + + OH - CACBBA
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Definitions F - H 2 PO 4 - H2OH2O HF H 3 PO 4 H 3 O + Give the conjugate base for each of the following: (these are acids) - an acid with more than one H + Polyprotic - an acid with more than one H +
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Definitions Br - HSO 4 - CO 3 2- HBr H 2 SO 4 HCO 3 - Give the conjugate acid for each of the following: (these are bases-accept protons)
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Definitions Lewis AcidsAcids are electron pair acceptors. BasesBases are electron pair donors. Lewis base Lewis acid
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Acid/Base Definitions TypeAcidBase ArrheniusH+ producerOH- producer Bronsted- Lowry H+ donorH+ acceptor LewisElectron-pair acceptor Electron-pair donor
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Acid Nomenclature
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HBr H 2 CO 3 H 2 SO 3 2 elements, -ide 3 elements, -ate 3 elements, -ite hydrobromic acid carbonic acid sulfurous acid Acid Nomenclature
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hydrofluoric acid sulfuric acid nitrous acid 2 elements 3 elements, -ic 3 elements, -ous HF H 2 SO 4 HNO 2 Acid Nomenclature H + F- H + SO 4 2- H + NO 2 -
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Properties of Bases Bases are proton (hydrogen ion, H + ) acceptors Bases have a pH greater than 7 Bases taste bitter Bases effect indicators Red litmus turns blue Phenolphthalein turns purple Solutions of bases feel slippery Bases neutralize acids
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Bases are Proton (H + ion) Acceptors Sodium hydroxide (lye), NaOH Potassium hydroxide, KOH Magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH) 2 Calcium hydroxide (lime), Ca(OH) 2
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Bases have a pH greater than 7
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Bases Effect Indicators Red litmus paper turns blue in contact with a base. Phenolphthalein turns bright pink in a base.
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Bases Neutralize Acids Milk of Magnesia contains magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH) 2, which neutralizes stomach acid, HCl. 2 HCl + Mg(OH) 2 MgCl 2 + 2 H 2 O
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