2. 1914-1918: The World at War

3. Causes of the War

4. 1. The Alliance System Triple Entente: Triple Alliance:

5. 1. The Alliance System  Balance of power – a situation in which the strength of rival countries or alliances is nearly equal – Cause of alliance systems prior to WWI  3 Emperor’s League – secret agreement of neutrality between France, Austria-Hungary, and Russia – Persuaded Italy to align with Germany and Austria- Hungary  Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy – Isolated France

6. 1. The Alliance System  3 Emperor’s League ended  Russia and Austria were rivals  Otto von Bismarck created Reinsurance Treaty – neutrality w/ Russia again  Great Britain and Russia recognize each others spheres of influence and form an alliance  Triple Entente – Britain, Russia, France

7. Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers: Central Powers:

8. The Major Players: 1914-17 Nicholas II [Rus] George V [Br] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Allied Powers: Franz Josef [A-H] Wilhelm II [Ger] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Central Powers: Enver Pasha [Turkey]

9. Europe in 1914

10. 2. Militarism & Arms Race 187018801890190019101914 94130154268289398 Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s. 1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures France10% Britain13% Russia39% Germany73%

11. 3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

13. 4. Aggressive Nationalism

14. Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914 The “Powder Keg” of Europe

15. The “ Spark ”

16.  Serbia wanted to increase size by annexing Bosnia-Herzegovina – Russia supported Serbia  Pan-Slavism – political and cultural unity of all Slavs under Russian leadership  Heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, Archduke Francis Ferdinand assassinated by a Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip **“spark” that started WWI**  Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia – July 28, 1914

17. Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

18. The Assassination: Sarajevo

19. The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip

20. Who’s To Blame?

21. Causes of World War I (continued)  Russia backs Serbia and mobilizes troops to Austro-Hungarian border  Germany issues ultimatum on Russia to retreat – August 1 st - Germany declares war on Russia – August 3 rd - Afraid that France would side with Russia, Germany declares war on France  August 3 rd - Britain declares war on Germany after Germany invaded Belgium

22. The Schlieffen Plan

23. German Atrocities in Belgium

24. Recruitment Posters

25. A Young Australian Recruit

26. Recruits of the Central Powers Austro- Hungarians A German Soldier Says Farewell to His Mother

27. New French Recruits

28. A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

30. Posters: Wartime Propaganda

31. Australian Poster

32. American Poster

33. Financing the War

34. German Poster Think of Your Children!

35. The Western Front: A “ War of Attrition ”

36. A Multi-Front War

37. The Western Front

38. 1 st Battle of the Marne (September 1914) German Army was within 25 miles of Paris French Troops launched a counterattack at the Marne River Germans retreated – abandoned Schlieffen Plan Trench Warfare ensues 500,000+ French and Germans killed or wounded

39. Verdun – Feb-Dec, 1916  French Verdun- town with Forts  German would advance and try to “bleed” France to death- French drove Germans back  Longest WWI battle  Over 250,000 killed 500,000 wounded  Verdun showed the French determination as shown by the sacrifice of its defenders

40. Battle of the Somme – July 1-Nov 18, 1916  Chief Ally attack  Goals- kill soldiers, gain territory, draw German’s away from Verdun  19,240 British killed on first day (British record)

41. War Is HELL !!

42. The “ Colonial ” Fronts

43. Sikh British Soldiers in India

44. Fighting in Africa British Sikh Mountain Gunners Black Soldiers in the German Schutztruppen [German E. Africa]

45. Fighting in Africa 3 rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade

46. Fighting in Salonika, Greece French colonial marine infantry from Cochin, China - 1916

47. America Joins the Allies

48. The Sinking of the Lusitania

49. The Zimmerman Telegram

50. The Yanks Are Coming!

51. Americans in the Trenches

52. The War of the Industrial Revolution: New Technology

53. Trench Warfare

55. “No Man’s Land”

56. French Renault Tank

57. British Tank at Ypres

58. U-Boats

59. Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

60. The Airplane “Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

61. The Flying Aces of World War I Eddie Rickenbacher, US Francesco Barraco, It. Rene Pauk Fonck, Fr. Manfred von Richtoffen, Ger. [The “Red Baron”] Willy Coppens de Holthust, Belg. Eddie “Mick” Mannoch, Br.

62. Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

63. The “Red Baron”

64. The Zeppelin

65. Flame Throwers Grenade Launchers

66. Poison Gas Machine Gun

67. 11 a.m., November 11, 1918 The Armistice is Signed!

68. The Somme American Cemetary, France 116,516 Americans Died

69. World War I Casualties