1. Objective 4 Analyze the attempted peace settlements and discuss how and why the peace settlements failed

2. Facts By the Number Date of Armistice – 11/11/1918 at 11:00am Date the Treaty of Versailles was signed – 6/28/1919 Houses destroyed in France – 750,000 Factories destroyed in France – 23,000 German Army restricted to – 100,000 men Germany Navy restricted to – 15,000 men Sum of German reparations - $31.4 billion Year Germany quit paying – 1931-1932 Year Germany finally finished paying – 10/4/2010

3. Paris Peace Conference 12/13/1918 Representatives from 27 Allied nations were at the conference Big Four – Wilson (US), George (Britain), Clemenceau (France), Orlando (Italy) Goal of European nations was to ensure Germany would never again be a world power US – get the 14 Points accepted France – wanted to control Germany and cripple them economically, militarily, and politically Britain – keep British Empire intact Italy – receive territory it was promised

4. The Big Four

5. France Wanted to rebuild France w/ reparations $$ Build a buffer state b/w France and Germany to guard against attack Wanted permanent demilitarization of Germany Control German factories Protect secret treaties & naval blockades Control trade in Germany Cripple Germany politically, militarily, and economically Compromise – give up idea of buffer state

6. Great Britain Supported reparations but to a lesser extent than the French Looked to restore Germany as an important trading partner Wanted to ensure France would not become too powerful Worried about Wilson’s idea of “self determination” Supported blockades and treaties George was able to raise the reparations to GB by citing widows, orphans, and men unable to work

7. United States Wilson’s 14 Points – President Wilson’s plan for postwar Europe. This was written in a way as to avoid future wars. Points 1-5, 14 were general points to all nations Points 6-13 referred to specific nations 1.No secret treaties 2.Freedom of the seas for all nations 3.Removal of all economic barriers and tariffs 4.Reduction of arms 5.Fair adjustment of territorial claims 14. Establishment of a “general association of nations” – League of Nations

8. Peace Without a Treaty Congress was not enthusiastic about Treaty of Versailles or League of Nations Congress wanted a compromise with Wilson over the US involvement – Mainly military involvement Wilson’s refusal to compromise cost him US membership in the League of Nations

9. Some elements of the Treaty of Versailles the Rhineland would be occupied by Allied troops for a period of fifteen years Article 227 charges former German Emperor, Wilhelm II with supreme offense against international morality. He is to be tried as a war criminal. The import and export of weapons is prohibited Poison gas, armed aircraft, tanks and armored cars are prohibited Blockades on ships are prohibited Restrictions on the manufacture of machine guns and rifles

10. Territorial Changes due to the Treaty Alsace and Lorraine were returned to France Northern Schlesweig returned to Denmark Austria was forbidden from merging w/ Germany German colonies were divided between Belgium, the United Kingdom, and certain British Dominions, France, and Japan with the determination not to see any of them returned to Germany Austria-Hungary broke up – territory ceded to Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, Italy, and Yugoslavia Ottoman Empire – France gained Lebanon & Syria British gained Iraq & Palestine