1. C.6-C.7 In which you will learn about: Different concentration units
Calculating concentrations

2. C.6 Solution Concentration
The general terms saturated and unsaturated are not always adequate to describe the properties of solutions that contain different amounts of solute.
A more precise description of the quantity of a solute in a solution is needed—a quantitative expression of concentration.

3. What is concentration?
Solution concentration refers to how much solute is dissolved in a specific quantity of solvent or solution.
You have already worked with one type of solution concentration expression: the water-solubility curves (mass of solute dissolved in mass of water)

4. Percent by Mass
Another way to express concentration is with percent values
For example, dissolving 5g of table salt in 95 g of water produces a 100g solution with a 5% concentration of salt by mass
% by mass
grams solute
grams total solution
% by mass =

5. ppm AND ppb
For solutions containing considerably smaller quantities of solute (as are found in many environmental water samples, including those from the Snake River), concentration units of parts per million (ppm) are sometimes useful
Just as percent (per cent) means “for every hundred,” per million means “for every million.”
ppm = (mass solute/mass solvent) x
For very low concentrations, parts per billion (ppb) is often used.
ppb = (mass solute/mass solvent) x

6. Sample Problem
What is the concentration of a 1% salt solution expressed in ppm?
ANSWER: Because 1% of 1 million is , a 1% salt solution is ppm.

7. C.7 Describing Solution Concentrations
Sample Problem 1: A common intravenous saline solution used in medical practice contains 4.5 g NaCl dissolved in g sterilized distilled water. What is the concentration of this solution, expressed as percent by mass?
% by mass = (4.5 g NaCl/500.0 g solution) x 100 = 0.90%

8. Sample Problem 2
One teaspoon of sucrose, with a mass of 10.0 g, is dissolved in 240.0g water. What is the concentration of the solution expressed as grams sucrose per 100 g solution? As percent sucrose by mass?
Answer 1: This solution contains 10.0 g sucrose and 240.0g water; therefore its total mass is 250.0g. Because g solution would contain 2/5 as much solution, it would also contain 2/5 as much solute, or 4.0 g sucrose. Thus, the concentration is 4.0 g sucrose per g solution.
Answer 2: % by mass = (10.0 g sucrose/250.0 g sol’n)x 100 = 4.0%

9. The MOST IMPORTANTConcentration of Solute
The amount of solute in a solution is given by its concentration.
Molarity ( M ) =
moles solute
liters of solution

10. Step 1: Calculate moles of NiCl2•6H2O
PROBLEM: Dissolve 5.00 g of NiCl2•6 H2O in enough water to make 250 mL of solution. Calculate the Molarity.
Step 1: Calculate moles of NiCl2•6H2O
Step 2: Calculate Molarity
[NiCl2•6 H2O ] = M

11. moles = M•V USING MOLARITY What mass of oxalic acid, H2C2O4, is
required to make 250. mL of a M
solution?
moles = M•V
Step 1: Change mL to L.
250 mL * 1L/1000mL = L
Step 2: Calculate.
Moles = ( mol/L) (0.250 L) = moles
Step 3: Convert moles to grams.
( mol)(90.00 g/mol) = g

12. Preparing Solutions
Weigh out a solid solute and dissolve in a given quantity of solvent.
Dilute a concentrated solution to give one that is less concentrated.

13. Calculating Concentrations
Dissolve 62.1 g (1.00 mol) of ethylene glycol in 250. g of H2O. Calculate the % by mass of ethylene glycol.

14. Learning Check
A solution contains 15 g Na2CO3 and 235 g of H2O. What is the mass % of the solution?
1) 15% Na2CO3
2) 6.4% Na2CO3
3) 6.0% Na2CO3

15. LEARNING CHECK: Using mass %
How many grams of NaCl are needed to prepare 250 g of a 10.0% (by mass) NaCl solution?

16. Learning Check
How many grams of NaOH are required to prepare 400. mL of 3.0 M NaOH solution?
1) 12 g
2) 48 g
3) 300 g

17. Learning Check
Determine the grams of solute needed to prepare these solutions:
A) liters of a M Cu(NO3)2 solution
B) milliliters of a 5.90-molar Pb(NO3)2 solution
C) 508 mL of a 2.75 M sodium fluoride solution