1. Do Now Sit SILENTLY and answer the following questions in your notes. Be sure to write today’s date to ensure you are properly organizing your notebooks for effective studying. Describe how Christmas break was for you and include what you enjoyed most about it. What do you look forward to most this coming semester?

2. Water Quality, Pollution, & Treatment Science 8 By : Mr. Miller Standards: 8.E.1.3 – 8.E.1.4

3. Objective SWBAT: Identify the different sources of pollution and how we treat and clean polluted water

4. What is Pollution? A pollutant is any substance or form of energy that can cause harm to the environment and make it unfit for organisms. Two types of water pollution: 1. Point Source 2. Non-Point Source

5. Water Pollution Sources  Point Source- you know the one source of pollution; it is identified; easier to detect and control  Non-point Source- comes from many sources that can not be easily identified; harder to control

6. Point-Source examples: Pipe from Sewage Plant Pipe from Industrial Factory

7. Point-Source examples:

8. Oil Tanker Spill

9. Stop and Check #1 Why are these examples of point source pollution?

10. Non-Point Source examples: RUNOFF!!! Water comes from across a large, more diffuse area of land From…farms, lawns, parking lots, streets, construction sites, acid rain from air pollution, etc.

11. Non-Point Source examples:

15. Biomagnification/Bioaccumulation Pollution gets into smaller organisms Amount builds up as it gets passed up food chain Chemicals could end up in food eaten by humans

16. North Carolina Main Sources of Water Pollution Sedimentation – increases turbidity ◦ Erosion ◦ Development ◦ Agriculture – tilling soil, irrigation, livestock Nutrient Pollution – increases Nitrate & Phosphate levels in water  Increases Algae  Lowers Oxygen Fertilizers run off in storm water Fecal Coliform Bacteria from animal feces

17. Water Treatment Sewage Treatment Plants ◦ Process raw waste & get water ready to enter back into rivers ◦ 1.) Sludge separated, chlorine used to kill harmful bacteria ◦ 2.) Oxygen & sludge-eating bacteria used Septic Systems ◦ Small wastewater system used by home or business in rural area ◦ Sludge consumed by bacteria ◦ Cleaner water exits & spreads into ground

18. Septic System

19. Stop and Check #2 Which water treatment practice is cleaner? Why?

20. Water Treatment Drinking Water Treatment Plants: 1. Water piped in from river or lake 2. Flows through mixers, clumping agents & chemical disinfectants added 3. Clarifying pool separates large particles 4. Filters separate tiny particles of dust & dirt 5. Chlorine used to kill bacteria 6. Clean water goes to water storage tank

22. Stop and Check #3 What is an unintended additive that can enter the urban water supply? (HINT: Think about how the water has to travel to storage towers and homes and buildings)

23. EPA The Environmental Protection Agency sets and enforces water quality standards for wastewater, pollution & drinking water. Focuses on protection of surface freshwater resources

24. What can we do to help?! Pick up pet waste Pick up litter Plant vegetation Dispose of chemicals & wastewater appropriately Reduce amount of water used

25. Exit Ticket What are the 2 types of pollution? (I also want a description of each, not just a definition!) What are the two types of water treatment methods and in your own words describe which you believe to be a better way to clean our water? Regardless of which method is better for cleaning our water, what are some action steps you can take to prevent water from becoming so polluted?

27. Objective SWBAT: Describe the different water quality indicators SWBAT: Infer how humans impact water systems and quality SWBAT: Connect the different indicators and describe how they affect each other and the animals living in those environments.

28. What are water quality indicators? Water quality indicators tell us how pure a sample of water is by measuring how many substances are dissolved or mixed in with the water. They are a set of indicators that people routinely test to determine the safety of drinking water as well as measuring environmental impact by humans.

29. What water quality indicators can tell us… Water quality determines the sustenance of ecosystems and human activity including: agriculture, fishing, and recreation, as well as public health of human societies. Water quality testing supports healthy environments in which rich and varied communities of organisms can be found. The importance of monitoring and maintaining water quality cannot be overstated.

30. Stop and Check #1 What human activities could lead to the need to test water quality in the first place?

31. PARTS PER MILLION Most dissolved substances found in water are measured in parts per million (ppm) or even smaller amounts. This means that for every one million parts (units) of water there is a certain number of parts of the substance. How we measure water quality indicators

32. Concentrations of certain substances are also measured in parts per billion, parts per trillion and so on. These are very small amounts but certain substances can be harmful even at these very low concentrations.

33. Water Quality Indicators We will now take a look at the water quality indicators.

34. #1 ALKALINITY Alkalinity refers to the water’s ability to neutralize acids. Alkalinity is produced by minerals such as limestone. Limestone is a type of ocean sediment composed of calcium carbonate.

35. Limestone bedrock areas often have caves and sinkholes, known as Karst. Water with low alkalinity is usually acidic.

36. #2 Ammonia Ammonia is produced by the decay of organic matter and animal waste. Ammonia is toxic to most aquatic life, especially at high pH. Bacteria readily convert ammonia to nitrate. (a plant nutrient)

37. Ammonia Ammonia is a form of nitrogen and part of the Nitrogen Cycle.

38. #3 BACTERIA Most bacteria are important in nutrient and other organic cycles. Excess nutrients cause algal blooms. As algae die and decay, the high bacterial load rapidly consumes dissolved oxygen.

39. Certain types of bacteria indicate animal and human waste pollution. Escherichia coli are coliform bacteria found in the intestines of warm-blooded organisms. Most strains are harmless but one E. coli strain can cause severe diarrhea and kidney damage.

40. Stop and Check #2 What human activities could contribute to an increase in ammonia and bacteria? Since nitrates provide plants with food, what other process could happen as a result of increased ammonia that could be detrimental to the lake or pond?

41. # 4 DISSOLVED OXYGEN Dissolved oxygen is a product of photosynthesis and diffusion. The warmer the water, the less oxygen it can hold. Why do you think that is?

42. DISSOLVED OXYGEN Most organisms need at least 5 or 6 ppm of oxygen in order to survive. Even cold water rarely contains more than 15 ppm. Summer is often a time of oxygen stress for aquatic organisms.

43. Stop and Check #3 What do you think are the major contributors of dissolved oxygen in water ecosystems? How can these organisms be bad for the water ecosystem?

44. #5 CONDUCTIVITY Conductivity measures the water’s ability to conduct an electrical current. Pure water is a poor conductor. Why do you think that is?

45. CONDUCTIVITY The addition of dissolved solids, especially salts, increases the conductivity of water. Electrical current is measured using a conductivity meter.

46. # 6 HARDNESS Hardness refers to the concentration of calcium and magnesium in water. Hard water has high concentrations of these elements. Soft water has low concentrations. Water hardness often originates from limestone.

47. Stop and Check #4 If water hardness is due to water coming into contact with limestone, what other water quality indicator could we measure? Why does it make sense that we can measure this other quality of water? (HINT: think about where the elements that cause water hardness are on the periodic table and what group they are in.)

48. HARDNESS Area of the U.S. with limestone bedrock have hard water. Hard Water

49. Exit Ticket Describe how ammonia affects water quality and why it is important to test for it. Describe how oxygen levels can be increased or decreased in a water system. What are the main contributing ELEMENTS to water hardness? Where does water usually get more of these elements?

50. # 7 NITRATE Nitrate is a primary plant nutrient. Nitrate is water soluble and moves easily from surface to groundwater. Excess nitrate causes algal blooms that reduce water quality.

51. Under normal conditions, the nitrogen cycle keeps the amount of available nitrogen in balance with the demands. However, excessive use of fertilizers and nutrient rich sewage release have created a surplus of nitrate. The result is eutrophication from excess algae and bacteria. This reduces dissolved oxygen.

52. PESTICIDES These chemicals are very complex. They can affect many indicators of water quality but mainly increase nitrates and pH. Effects on aquatic organisms – Moderately to highly toxic to mammals, molluscs, aquatic insects, amphibians and fish.

53. Stop and check # 5 What are some ways that nitrates are increased in fresh water supplies? What is the term for this process?

54. # 8 pH pH is the measure of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration. The pH scale is zero to 14. Seven is neutral, below seven is acidic, and above seven is basic (or alkaline). Most aquatic organisms exist within a pH range of 5.5 to 9.5.

55. pH tolerance for most aquatic life

56. Stop and Check # 6 How can water become more BASIC or ALKALINE and what elements on the periodic table contribute to this change?

57. # 9 Phosphate Phosphate’s concentrations in clean water is generally low; however, phosphorus is used extensively in fertilizer and other chemicals. Runoff carrying phosphorous from fertilizer is the main contributor to this indicator.

58. Phosphate The primary sources of phosphates to surface water are detergents, fertilizers, and natural mineral deposits.

59. Phosphate High levels of phosphate can over stimulate the growth of aquatic plants and algae. This in turn, will cause high DO consumption and death to fish and many aquatic organisms.

60. Stop and Check # 7 What are the two main water quality indicators that contribute to lake turnover or EUTROPHICATION?

61. # 10 Salinity Salinity refers to the salt concentration in water, mostly sodium chloride. Salinity is historically measured in parts per thousand (ppt) or grams per liter.

62. Salinity Saltwater can cause problems when it replaces fresh groundwater near the coastal areas.

63. #11 TEMPERATURE Most aquatic organisms live within a temperature range of +32º F (+0º C) to 90º F (32º C). Temperature can be measured using field thermometers but digital probes are much more accurate. Temperature is measured in Fahrenheit and Celsius degrees.

64. Temperature affects the oxygen- carrying capacity of water. Rapid temperature change and temperature extremes can stress aquatic organisms. As the water warms, the amount of dissolved oxygen decreases. 14 Dissolved Oxygen (ppm) 12 10 8 6 4 ____________________________________ WinterSummer

65. Stop and Check #8 Why can water hold more oxygen the colder is gets? (HINT: think about the structure of water)

66. # 12 TURBIDITY Turbidity refers to water clarity. Sediments suspended in the water increase turbidity.

67. A secchi disk is one type of instrument used to measure turbidity.

68. Sediment Erosion causes loose soil to enter the waterways

69. Sediment Suspended sediment blocks sunlight to plants and reduces dissolved oxygen. As sediments settle, they can smother bottom (benthic) organisms.

70. TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (TDS) TDS is the measure of the material dissolved in water. This measure is related to hardness, salinity and conductivity. Hard water has more TDS than soft water. Why do you think that is?

71. TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS (TSS) TSS is the measure of the sediment suspended in the water. TSS is related to turbidity. Water with high TSS usually has high Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) as well.

72. TOXIC CHEMICALS Toxic chemicals usually come from industry and energy production. The effects are often not known until years after they have entered the environment.

73. Toxic chemicals include heavy metals (lead, mercury), organic compounds (DDT, PCB), inorganic substances (arsenic) and others.

74. Exit Ticket How are sediments and turbidity related, and how can the two affect wildlife in extremely turbid environments? What are the main contributors to changes in pH in water systems and how are humans mainly responsible for this? Why is there a decrease in oxygen dissolved in water as it gets warmer?