1. Reproductive System

2. Male Reproductive Structures
Testes produce sperm
Scrotum: sac of skin and smooth muscle that holds testes
Maintains testes at a slightly lower temperature
Seminiferous tubules within testes: produce sperm
Epididymis: sperm become motile and are stored here
Ductus (vas) deferens: transports sperm to ejaculatory duct
Penis: organ of copulation
Contains erectile tissue

3. Urinary
bladder
Ductus
deferens
Penis
Testis
Scrotum
Ejaculatory
duct
Epididymis
Urethra
Erectile
tissue

4. Male Reproductive Structures
Route of sperm through male reproductive structures
Seminiferous tubules
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra

5. Accessory Glands Seminal vesicles Prostate gland
Secrete fructose and most of seminal fluid
Prostate gland
Secretes watery alkaline fluid to raise vaginal pH
Secretes prostate specific antigen (PSA) to liquefy semen
Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland
Secretes lubricating mucus
Cleanses urethra

6. Seminal
vesicle
Prostate
gland
Bulbourethral
gland

7. Seminal
vesicle
Ductus
deferens
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral
gland
Urethra
Epididymis
Testis
Penis
Uncoiled semi-
niferous tubule
A posterior view of the reproductive organs and bladder.

8. Sperm Production Mitosis and meiosis occur in seminiferous tubules
Produce large # of haploid sperm
Spermatogonia (2n)  primary spermatocyte (2n)  secondary spermatocyte (n)  spermatids (n)  sperm (n)
Sertoli cells provide support, nourishment

9. Tail whiplike movements propel the sperm
Midpiece contains mitochondria
that produce energy for the sperm
Head contains the male’s
chromosomes
Acrosome contains the enzymes
that assist fertilization
Illustration of a sperm, showing the head, midpiece, and tail.
Figure 16.2d

10. Testosterone Hormone produced by interstitial cells Function:
between seminiferous tubules
Function:
controls growth/function of male reproductive tissues
stimulates aggression and sexual behavior
secondary sexual characteristics
Determines rate of sperm formation

11. Testosterone Hormones that regulate testosterone and sperm production
LH (from anterior pituitary) stimulates production of testosterone
FSH (from anterior pituitary) may enhance sperm formation

12. Female Reproductive System
Ovaries
Release oocytes (immature eggs)
secrete estrogen and progesterone
Oviduct (fallopian tube)
Carries oocyte from ovary to uterus
Fimbriae help “suck” oocyte into oviduct
Fertilization occurs in oviduct
Uterus: hollow, pear-shaped organ where fertilized egg grows and develops
Cervix – narrow opening into uterus
Vagina
Organ of sexual intercourse and birth canal

13. Fimbriae
Oviduct
Ovary
Uterus
Cervix
Vagina

14. Female Reproductive System
Uterine layers
Endometrium: inner lining
supports fertilized egg
sloughs off during menstrual flow
Myometrium: smooth muscle
expands during pregnancy, contracts during labor
Endometrium
Myometrium

15. Oviduct Fimbriae Ovary Uterus Rectum Urinary bladder Cervix Urethra
Vagina
Clitoris
Anus
Sagittal section showing the components of the system in relation to other structures.
Figure 16.4a

16. Female Reproductive System
External genitalia
Mons pubis
Labia majora and minora
Clitoris
Clitoris
Labium minora
Labium majora

17. Mammary Glands Breasts contain mammary glands
modified sweat glands
Specialized for lactation (production of milk)
Hormonal control of lactation:
Prolactin – stimulates milk production
Oxytocin – stimulates contractions that eject milk

18. Menstrual Cycle Two linked cycles Ovarian cycle Uterine cycle
Changes in ovaries associated with oocyte maturation
Controlled by FSH and LH
Uterine cycle
Changes in endometrial lining of uterus
Controlled by estrogen and progesterone

19. Ovarian Cycle Immature follicle develops; FSH and LH increase
Antrum develops within follicle; some estrogen and progesterone secreted
Follicle matures (Graafian follicle); antrum enlarges
Increasing estrogen causes surge of LH; ovulation occurs
Corpus luteum formed from follicle; large amounts of estrogen and progesterone secreted
Stimulates growth of endometrium

20. Ovarian connective tissue
Oviduct 1
Immature follicle
Ovary
Primary oocyte
Granulosa cells
Uterus 7
Corpus luteum
degenerates if
pregnancy does
not occur 2
Vagina
Zona pellucida
develops around
the primary oocyte 6
Corpus luteum
forms from
ruptured follicle 3
Fluid-filled antrum
develops 5
Ovulation.
Follicle ruptures,
releasing the
secondary oocyte
with its polar body
and granulosa cells 4
Follicle matures
Polar body
Secondary oocyte
Ovarian connective tissue
Figure 16.6

21. Ovarian Cycle If fertilization and pregnancy occurs
Chorion (embryonic tissue) secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
detected by pregnancy tests
hCG causes corpus luteum to produce estrogen and progesterone for another 9–10 weeks
After 9–10 weeks, placenta takes over E and P production
High levels of E and P prevent ovulation during pregnancy
If no fertilization, corpus luteum degenerates

22. Uterine Cycle Menstrual phase Proliferative phase Days 1–5
E and P decrease
Endometrial lining degenerates
Menstruation occurs
Proliferative phase
Days 6–14
E and P increase
Endometrial lining proliferates

23. Uterine Cycle Ovulation Secretory phase Day 14 Days 15–28
Corpus luteum produces E and P
Endometrium continues to proliferate
Uterine glands mature
Uterus is prepared to accept and nourish a fertilized egg

24. Figure 16.7 LH surge (triggers ovulation) FSH LH LH FSH Hypothalamus
Ovarian Cycle
Growth of follicle
Ovulation
Corpus luteum
Ovary
Progesterone
Estrogen
Endometrium
of uterus
Estrogen
Progesterone
Uterine Cycle
Days of one menstrual
cycle (28 days, average) 1
Menstrual
phase 5
Proliferative
phase 14
Secretory
phase 28
Figure 16.7

25. Birth Control Methods Abstinence: not having intercourse
Surgical sterilization
Vasectomy in males: cut and tie off both ductus deferens
Tubal ligation in females: cut and tie off both oviducts

26. a) Vasectomy. Small incisions are made in the scrotum, and
Ductus deferens
cut and sealed
(both sides)
Oviduct tied
in two places
Uterus
Ovary
Scrotum
a) Vasectomy. Small incisions
are made in the scrotum, and
each ductus deferens is tied
in two places and cut.
b) Tubal ligation. An incision is made in a woman’s
abdominal wall, the two oviducts are located, and
each is tied in two places and cut.
Figure 16.10

27. Birth Control Methods Birth control pills (oral contraceptives)
Combination of synthetic progesterone and estrogen
Inhibit release of FSH and LH
Block ovulation
Hormone injections
DepoProvera, Lunelle
Hormone patch
Ortho Evra
Vaginal ring
NuvaRing

28. Birth Control Methods IUDs Diaphragms and cervical caps
Intrauterine devices
Small plastic or metal piece inserted into uterus
Mild chronic inflammation prevents fertilization/implantation
Diaphragms and cervical caps
Prevent sperm from entering the cervix
Chemical spermicides
Kill sperm cells
Condoms
Trap ejaculated sperm

29. Birth Control Methods Natural alternatives Morning-after pills
Rhythm method, withdrawal
Morning-after pills
Prevent pregnancy from continuing
Preven, Plan B, Mifeprex (RU-486)
Abortion
Terminates pregnancy
The future
Male birth control pill
Vaccines for women

30. Infertility Many causes of infertility Number and quality of sperm
< 60 million/ejaculation is considered infertile
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Scarred, blocked oviducts
Abnormal production of FSH, LH
Irregular menstrual cycles
Endometriosis
Decreased reproductive capacity with age
Miscarriage (spontaneous abortion)

31. Enhancing Fertility Artificial insemination
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
Fertilization in test tube outside of the body
GIFT (gamete intrafallopian transfer)
Unfertilized eggs and sperm placed directly in oviduct
ZIFT (zygote intrafallopian transfer)
Fertilized egg is placed in oviduct

32. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
Transmitted by sexual contact:
Genital, oral-genital, anal-genital
Bacterial
Gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia
Viral
HIV, hepatitis B, genital herpes, HPV
Other
Yeasts (Candida), protozoan (Trichomonas), arthropod (pubic lice)

33. 400 Gonorrhea 300 Rate (per 100,000 population) 200 Chlamydia 100
Syphilis
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Year
Figure 16.14

34. 3000 2500 2000 Cases per 100,000 population 1500 1000 500 10-14 15-19
10-14
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-54
55-64
65+
Age group
Figure 16.15

35. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
Prevention strategies
Choose partner wisely
Communicate
Use suitable barriers
Get tested and treated
Get vaccinated