1. Northwest Power Planning Council Fixing the Plumbing An Assessment of PNW Irrigated Agriculture Conservation Resource Potential July 1, 2003

2. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 2 PNW Irrigated Acreage Has Been Increasing State Acres Irrigated 1997 Acres Irrigated 1992 Acres Irrigated 1987 Idaho3,493,5423,260,0063,219,192 Montana1,994,4841,978,1671,996,882 Oregon1,948,7391,622,2351,648,205 Washington1,705,0251,641,4371,518,684 PNW9,141,7908,501,8458,382,963 Avg. Size (acres) 173159150

3. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 3 Sprinkler Systems Dominate Irrigated Acreage in PNW State Total Irrigated Acreage Sprinkled Acreage Gravity Acreage Acres%Acres% Idaho 3,188,406 3,188,406 2,186,806 2,186,80669% 991,613 991,61331% Montana 1,740,873 1,740,873 570,550 570,55033% 117,807 117,8077% Oregon 1,534,961 1,534,961 769,310 769,31050% 745,083 745,08349% Washington 1,554,813 1,554,813 1,263,572 1,263,57281% 252,312 252,31216% PNW Total 8,019,053 8,019,053 4,790,238 4,790,23860% 2,106,815 2,106,81526%

4. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 4 Center Pivot Sprinkler Acreage Has Been Increasing (Although Not in All States) State19941997 FarmsAcresFarmsAcres Idaho 2,147 2,147 776,081 776,0811,5691,001,607 Montana 949 949 249,059 249,0591,015241,287 Oregon 2,012 2,012 337,270 337,270487256,678 Washington 1,960 1,960 578,414 578,4141,301773,788 PNW7,0681,940,8244,3722,273,360

5. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 5 Low Pressure Center Pivot Systems Increased Between 1993 and 1997 State Change in High Pressure (60 + PSI) Acres Change in Medium Pressure (30 – 59 PSI) Acres Change in Low Pressure (30 PSI & lower) Acres Idaho-13%-1%14% Montana-10%-8%18% Oregon-10%3%7% Washington-16%2%14% PNW-13%0%13%

6. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 6 Electricity Use for Irrigated Agriculture (aMW) YearIdahoMontanaOregonWashingtonPNW 1997 263 263 13 13 113 113 219 219 608 608 1994 322 322 10 10 123 123 219 219 675 675

7. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 7 Irrigation Electricity Use Represented Two-Thirds of Agricultural Sector Total in 1997 State Total Agricultural Sector Electricity Expenditures (millions) Irrigation Electricity Expenses (millions) Share of Total Sector Electricity Costs Idaho $ 90 $ 90 $ 71 $ 7179% Montana $ 30 $ 30 $ 9 $ 931% Oregon $ 48 $ 48 $ 23 $ 2348% Washington $ 74 $ 74 $ 49 $ 4966% PNW $ 241 $ 241 $ 152 $ 15263%

8. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 8 Electricity Expenses on Irrigated Farms Were 2-3 Times Those on Non-Irrigated Farms in 1997 State Average Electricity Cost/Farm Average Electricity Cost/Irrigated Farm Electricity Expenses per Acre Irrigated Idaho $ 5,737 $ 5,737 $ 14,676 $ 14,676 $ 32.96 $ 32.96 Montana $ 1,650 $ 1,650 $ 3,760 $ 3,760 $ 15.30 $ 15.30 Oregon $ 2,032 $ 2,032 $ 3,111 $ 3,111 $ 27.56 $ 27.56 Washington $ 3,534 $ 3,534 $ 7,684 $ 7,684 $ 40.22 $ 40.22 PNW $ 3,087 $ 3,087 $ 7,250 $ 7,250 $ 31.64 $ 31.64

9. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 9 Electricity Use/Irrigated Acre Has Been Declining (At Least We Think So)

10. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 10 Resource Assessment Methodology - Overview Estimate “Base Case” System Efficiency by State and System Type for Sprinkler Systems: Estimate “Base Case” System Efficiency by State and System Type for Sprinkler Systems: –Center Pivot »High Pressure »Medium Pressure »Low Pressure –Wheel Line –Hand Line Estimate Cost of System Efficiency Improvements by System Type Estimate Cost of System Efficiency Improvements by System Type Estimate Savings from System Efficiency Improvements by State and System Type Estimate Savings from System Efficiency Improvements by State and System Type

11. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 11 Step 1- Estimate Annual Irrigation System Use by State Data Sources: Data Sources: –1994 & 1997 Farm and Ranch Irrigation Surveys (FRIS) »Acres irrigated by electric pumping »Annual electricity cost/irrigated acre »Annual water use/acre –1994 & 1997 Bonneville Irrigation Sector Sales and Revenues Approach: Approach: –Use FRIS Annual electricity cost by state divided by BPA irrigation sales by state to derive “kWh/Acre” & “kWh/acre-ft/acre”

12. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 12 Step 1- Estimate Annual Irrigation System Use by State (cont) Example: Idaho (1997) Example: Idaho (1997) –FRIS Estimate of Sprinkler Irrigated Acreage Using Electric Pumping = 2,166,804 acres –FRIS Estimate of Water Use = 1.7 acre-ft/acre –BPA Estimate of Idaho Irrigation Sector Sales = 263 aMW –263 aMW x 8760000 / 2,166,804 = 1064 kWh/acre –1064 kWh/acre /1.7 acre-ft/acre = 626 kWh/acre-ft

13. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 13 Step 2 - Estimate Annual Energy Consumption of “Typical” Field by System Type and State Use 1997 Farm and Ranch Irrigation Survey to Estimate Average Use 1997 Farm and Ranch Irrigation Survey to Estimate Average –Pumping Lift (Feet of head pressure) –Flow Rate (GPM) –System Pressure (PSI) –Water Use (Acre-Ft/Acre) Adjust “System Friction” and “Field Lift” Values until energy use = Estimated 1997 kWh/acre-ft/year Adjust “System Friction” and “Field Lift” Values until energy use = Estimated 1997 kWh/acre-ft/year

14. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 14 Electricity Use for Irrigation Pumping - Example \\fs1\power\TE\New Plan\Irrigated Agriculture\IrrAgSampleCalc.xls \\fs1\power\TE\New Plan\Irrigated Agriculture\IrrAgSampleCalc.xls

15. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 15 Step 3 – Estimate Measure Cost High Pressure > Low Pressure Center Pivot High Pressure > Low Pressure Center Pivot »$4,000/160 acre pivot w/o boom »$7,000/160 acre pivot w/boom Medium Pressure > Low Pressure Center Pivot Medium Pressure > Low Pressure Center Pivot »$3000/160 acre pivot Replace pump, nozzles & gaskets – Replace pump, nozzles & gaskets – »$18,350/160 acre pivot w/deep well »$15, 350/160 acre pivot w/average well Replace nozzles and gaskets Replace nozzles and gaskets – $8,350 /160 acre pivot Convert wheel line to low pressure (alfalfa only) Convert wheel line to low pressure (alfalfa only) »$130/acre, plus $3.75/acre O&M) Convert hand line to low pressure (alfalfa only) Convert hand line to low pressure (alfalfa only) »$30/acre, plus $12/acre O&M

16. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 16 Step 4 – Determine Measure Savings Input Assumptions Measure Baseline Pump Efficiency Retrofitted Pump Efficiency Baseline Pressure Retrofitted Pressure Pump, Nozzle & Gasket Replacement Deep Well 50%70% 62 * 62 * Pump, Nozzle & Gasket Replacement Average Well 55%70% 59 * 59 * Nozzle & Gasket Replacement 55%65% 59 59 Convert High Pressure Center Pivot to Low pressure system 60%75% 59 59 20 20 Convert Medium Pressure Center Pivot to Low pressure system 65%75% 40 40 20 20 Convert wheel line systems to low pressure systems on alfalfa acreage 65%65% 59 * 59 * 30 30 Convert hand line systems to low pressure systems on alfalfa acreage 65%65% 59 * 59 * 30 30 *Varies by state

17. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 17 Step 5 – Estimate Measure Savings MeasureIdahoMontanaOregonWashington Pump, Nozzle & Gasket Replacement Deep Well 29%29%29%29% Pump, Nozzle & Gasket Replacement Average Well 21%21%21%21% Nozzle & Gasket Replacement 17%15%15%15% Convert High Pressure Center Pivot to Low pressure system 40%47%38%23% Convert Medium Pressure Center Pivot to Low pressure system 27%30%24%23% Convert wheel line systems to low pressure systems on alfalfa acreage 20%21%14%14% Convert hand line systems to low pressure systems on alfalfa acreage 20%21%14%14% Note: kWh saving vary by state due to differences in pumping lift

18. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 18 Irrigated Agriculture Conservation Resource Potential

19. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 19 Estimated Cost Effective Technical Potential by State State Cost Effective Potential (aMW) 1997 Sales (aMW) % of 1997 Sales Idaho Idaho 76 76 263 26329% Montana Montana 2 13 1312% Oregon Oregon 14 14 113 11312% Washington Washington 50 50 219 21923% PNW Region PNW Region 141 141 608 60823%

20. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 20 Resource Potential by Measure Measure Resource Potential (aMW) Pump, Nozzle & Gasket Replacement Average Well 55 Pump, Nozzle & Gasket Replacement Deep Well 30 Convert Medium Pressure Center Pivot to Low pressure system 29 Nozzle & Gasket Replacement 20 Convert High Pressure Center Pivot to Low pressure system 6 Convert hand line systems to low pressure systems on alfalfa acreage 1

21. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 21 Resource Potential by State and Measure Measure Remaining Technical Potential (aMW) B/C Ratiio (TRC) Pump, Nozzle & Gasket Replacement Average Well - Idaho 28 1.19 1.19 Pump, Nozzle & Gasket Replacement Deep Well - Idaho 21 2.95 2.95 Pump, Nozzle & Gasket Replacement Average Well - Washington 19 1.78 1.78 Convert Medium Pressure Center Pivot to Low pressure system - Washington 14 7.53 7.53 Convert Medium Pressure Center Pivot to Low pressure system - Idaho 12 6.26 6.26 Nozzle & Gasket Replacement - Idaho 11 1.13 1.13