1. Chapter 3 SOUND RECORDING and Popular Music

2. Some guiding questions zHow did the technologies for sound recording develop? zHow did popular music become a mass media industry? zWhat was the influence of rock-and-roll on two media industries? zWhat companies control the sound recording industry today?

3. How has popular music made an impact upon 20th-century American culture?

4. What role has recorded music played in your life? How has it shaped and reflected your identity?

5. What has been the relationship between rock music and youth culture ?

6. INNOVATIONS IN MEDIA TECHNOLOGY z3 developmental stages: yNOVELTY stage yENTREPRENEURIAL stage yCONSUMER MARKETING stage

7. Early sound recording technology zdeMartinville, France, 1850s zEdison, USA, 1877 zBerliner, USA, 1880s zVictor Talking Machine, USA, 1900s

8. Forms of recording zEdison’s wax cylinders: analog recording zBerliner’s flat disk-->vinyl records zMagnetic audiotape (Germany, 1940s) zstereo sound (1950s) zdigital recording (1970s) zcompact discs (1980s) zaudio DVDs

9. Listening to recorded music z-Victrolas --> electric record players (1900s- 1920s) z-1915: 30 million phonograph records sold z-Music was played and consumed individually

10. THE RISE OF RADIO zissues of paying to broadcast copyrighted music z1914: ASCAP founded to collect copyright fees for music writers and publishers zIn 1924, radio competition cut record sales in half zHowever, costs of royalties forced many radio stations off the air

11. 1930s: Period of courtship between radio and recording industry THEIR MARRIAGE TOOK PLACE IN THE 1950s

12. What is POP MUSIC? zAppeals to broad public or to demographic sub-groups zappeals to popular (that is, not just highbrow) tastes and styles zIncludes blues, country, Tejano, salsa, jazz, rock, reggae, rap, hip hop, easy listening

13. RISE OF POP MUSIC zMass-marketed publishing of sheet music: Tin Pan Alley zBirth of JAZZ in New Orleans: fusing rhythm & blues and gospel into swing bands zpopular vocal stars (harmonies and crooners) zROCK AND ROLL

14. ROCK AND ROLL is born! zFused traditions of country, R&B, pop zSignificantly merged music of black and white cultures in the American South zNo music style has ever had such widespread impact zTransformed the structure of two mass media industries: recording and radio

15. ROCK MUSIC BLURRED BOUNDARIES zHigh and low culture zMasculine and feminine zBlack and white zNorth and South zSacred and secular

16. SCANDALS in the MUSIC INDUSTRY zPayola: the practice of record promoters paying DJ’s to play their songs on the air zCongressional hearings in 1959 z1998: promotional strategy called pay-for-play emerged

17. A CHANGING INDUSTRY post-1960 zThe British Invasion: sound recording goes international zDevelopment of Soul and the Motown label zPolitical impact of folk rock zPunk and grunge movements zRap and the rise of black urban style

18. FOLK MUSIC zBroadly, folk music = songs performed by untrained musicians and passed down through oral traditions zConsidered a democratic and participatory form zFolk music popularized by radio and by grassroots activists like Woody Guthrie, who championed peace and social justice

19. MOTOWN and SOUL -Mix of R&B, rock, pop and gospel -Motown label founded by Berry Gordy in 1960 in Detroit

20. Folk-Rock and Sixties Counterculture zAcoustic singer-songwriters made folk popular (Dylan, Baez, Taylor, Mitchell) zThe Byrds electrified folk in early 1960s to invent FOLK-ROCK zRock and Folk-Rock provided soundtrack for the Sixties Generation, became more mainstream in the 1970s

21. ALTERNATIVE SOUNDS Punk Rock: challenged commercialism of record industry -represented alienation and anarchy Grunge: spirit of punk infused with more melody

22. RAP defies mainstream culture zLike punk, developed in opposition to polished sound of commercial music industry zcombined black urban social politics, masculinity and comic lyrics zincorporated black tradition of rhythmic spoken word

23. THE BUSINESS OF SOUND RECORDING

24. What is the line between ARTISTIC EXPRESSION (performing) and BUSINESS (recording and selling)?

25. A GLOBAL OLIGOPOLY zRecording industry generates more revenue than all other media except TV za GLOBAL OLIGOPOLY: A few corporations control most of industry worldwide

26. How does the global oligopoly affect the kinds of music you are able to buy and hear?

27. MAJOR RECORDING LABELS zFive corporations produce 85% of all American CDs/tapes, 80% of global market yWarner ySeagram (MCA/Universal/Polygram) ySony (CBS Records) yEMI (Capitol/Virgin) yBMG/RCA Records

28. What about independent labels? “Indies” produce 16% of America’s music Can the smaller production houses survive in the global marketplace?