1. Unit 3 Health and Human Development Revision Class

2. Key terms for Unit 3 Mortality – death Morbidity – illness Life expectancy – number of years expected to live Healthy Life Expectancy – the number of years of you can expect to live free of illness

3. Health Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE) – is an indication of the quality of life compared to the length of life Years of Life Lost (YLL) – is a measure of how many years of expected life are lost due to premature death. Prevalence – the number or rate of people experiencing the condition at a specific time

4. Burden of disease – a measure which combines mortality and morbidity data, measured by DALYs. Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) – is equal to the years of life lost due to premature death and the ‘healthy’ years lost due to disability.

5. Micronutrients: Minerals and vitamins: required in only small quantities; used for body growth and function Macronutrients: Carbohydrates, protein and fat – major nutrients required for energy, soft tissue growth and repair. Hard tissue – bones, teeth Soft tissue – skin, muscles, blood, organs

6. Direct costs – are costs which can have a monetary value attached to them, often related to health services. Indirect costs – are costs which can not have an exact money value attached to them and are often incurred by others Intangible costs – cannot have a monetary value attached to them and are often social and emotionally based.

7. Major Causes of Mortality In Australia:  Injury – workplace and road  Tobacco Related deaths  Cancer – skin, breast, lung, colon  Cardiovascular disease – heart attacks, stroke

8. Major Causes of Morbidity in Australia  Obesity  Type 2 Diabetes  Cardiovascular disease  Injury  Arthritis  Mental Illness

9. Determinants of Health Biomedical Determinants Behavioural Determinants Social Determinants

10. 1: Biomedical factors: relate to the way the body works and reflect actual bodily states. –Genetics I.e. Genetic Disorders e.g. haemophilia Genetics predisposition (family history – CVD) Protective factors (e.g. hormones) Determine a person’s sex (I.e.. Male or female) –Blood Pressure (Hypertension) –Blood cholesterol –Body Weight (anorexic, obese) –Impaired glucose regulation

11. 2: Behavioural Determinants: are risk or protective factors that are based on a person’s behaviours or actions. E.g. –Tobacco smoking –Physical activity –Alcohol consumption –Illicit drug use –Dietary behaviour –Sexual behaviour –Vaccination –Excessive sun exposure

12. 3: Social Determinants of Health: are aspects of society and the social environment that impact on health. E.g. –Socioeconomic status –Stress –Early Life Experiences –Social Exclusion –Work –Unemployment –Social Support –Addiction –Food –Transport

13. Why Differences in Health Status between Population Groups:  Amount of money for nutritious food, health care services, to purchase the necessities of life – food, water, shelter, clothing  Where people live – therefore access to healthy/nutritious food, access to health services, education  Education levels – how much they know about how to achieve good health and factors that will lead to poor health

14.  Culture/religion can effect the types of food they are allowed to eat, if they are allowed to receive medical treatment and the level, who they allow them to treat them  Attitudes towards things such as risk taking behaviour, seeing a doctor, how they need to be perceived in the community – men/macho.

15. Lower Socio-Economic Status People.. Have a lower life expectancy Higher rates of death from heart disease, cancer, suicide and accidents Higher prevalence of arthritis, asthma, bronchitis/emphysema, ulcers and diabetes. Due to: higher rates of smoking, obesity, excessive drinking, stress; lower rates of physical activity; more likely to live in social isolation and lack of social support.

16. Rural and remote people are more likely to….. Have higher mortality rates, lower life expectancy and higher rates of illness. Major issues are accidents, suicide, heart disease and mental health Have high rates of cardiovascular disease, cancer, injury, diabetes, suicide, obesity and depression. Due to: higher levels of smoking, alcohol consumption, insufficient physical activity; high exposure to accidents; lower access to health care; limited availability of fresh food which costs more; higher proportion of Indigenous people, lower socio-economic status.

17. Indigenous People are more likely to..  Have a lower life expectancy by approximately 10 years; and a death rate that is higher at all stages of the lifespan.  Major causes of mortality are:  heart disease (5 times higher);  External causes E.g. accidents, suicide, assaults  Neoplasms including cancer  Major causes of morbidity are:  10 times rate of newly diagnosed cases of tuberculosis  14 times rate of notification of Influenze Type B in children under 5  Kidney disease (8 times higher)  Type 2 diabetes. (3.5 times higher)  Asthma more common as are deaths from respiratory disease.  Newborns are more likely to be underweight

18. Indigenous Health  Differences between Indigenous and Non Indigenous Health are due to:  lower socio-economic status;  high levels of unemployment,  remoteness of communities,  discrimination;  poor living conditions;  lack of education;  higher levels of smoking,  higher levels of alcohol use,  poor nutrition,  low levels of access to health services.

19. Males are most likely to…….  Have a lower life expectancy (by approximately 5 years)  Have a higher death rate at all ages  Have a higher mortality and morbidity for nearly all diseases.  Males are more likely to:  smoke  drink  have a poorer diet  more likely to be obese  have more accidents and commit suicide  more likely to take risks  have less knowledge regarding health behaviours  less likely to seek medical help.

20. References: H+HD Units 3+4: Gunther, Kuen, Warren, Oxford Uni. Press Achieving Health and Human Development: Smith, Marshall, Williams, Keleher, Murphy, Dobson, Ward. VCE Units 3 and 4: Health and Human Development Workbook: Smith and Stone.