1. International Networking for e-VLBI

2. What is JIVE? Operate the EVN correlator and support astronomers doing VLBI. A collaboration of the major radio- astronomical research facilities in Europe, China and South Africa A 3 year program to create a distributed astronomical instrument of inter-continental dimensions using e- VLBI, connecting up to 16 radio telescopes

3. Radio Astronomy Courtesy of NRAO

4. Radio vs. Optical astronomy The imaging accuracy (resolution) of a telescope: θ ≈ 1.2 λ/D (λ = wavelength, D = diameter) Hubble Space Telescope: λ ≈ 600nm (visible light) D = 2.4m θ = 0.06 arcsecond Onsola Space Observatory: λ = 6cm (5GHz) D = 25m θ = 600 arcseconds Wanted: 240km dish

5. Very Long Baseline Interferometry Create a huge radio telescope by using telescopes in different locations around the world at the same time Resolution depends on distance between dishes, milli-arc second level Sensitivity on dish area, time and bandwidth Requires atomic clock stability for timing Processed in a special purpose super-computer: Correlator, 16x 1024Mb/s

6. Very Long Baseline Interferometry tekst Initially (1990) we used large single-reel tapes tekst Then came harddisk-packs And now: e-VLBI

7. Very Long Baseline Interferometry “Never underestimate the bandwidth of a station wagon laden w ith computer tapes hurtling down the highway” (Andy Tanenbaum) Latency: 2 weeksLatency: 150ms

8. Why e-VLBI Quick turn-around Rapid response Check data as it comes in, not weeks later (You can’t redo just 1 telescope) More bandwidth Logistics (disks delayed/deleted/damaged/destroyed) Example: Cyg X-3 Star + black hole Flares irregularly Timescale: days Left: 2 weeks late May: Observed flare with e-VLBI

9. International Year of Astronomy

10. Observation of J0204+15 (IYA)

13. Networking challenges e-VLBI is: High Bandwidth: > 1 Gb/s Long Distance: Worldwide Real-time Long duration: 12 hours Can accept a little packet loss

14. TCP Research Mirror port (span) eVLBI: RTT up to 375ms Window Size (kernel vers.) SACK-bugs TCP Tuning defeats fairness Conclusion: UDP ‘private’ connections (LP, VLAN, dark fiber)

15. Lightpaths Dedicated point-to-point circuit Based on SDH/Sonet timeslots (NOT a lambda) Stitched together at cross-connects Guaranteed bandwidth But also: a string of SPFs e-VLBI

16. Lightpaths Especially the longer lightpaths have many outages NRENs usually very good about announcing maint. A -lot- of email. e-VLBI is becoming a ‘target of opportunity’ instrument, planned and unplanned observations

17. TelescopeCCBandwidthRTT (ms) SheshanCN622M LP / 512M R354 / 180 ATNFAU1G LP343 KashimaJP 512M R288 AreciboPR512M VLAN154 TIGOCL95M R150 WestfordUS512M R92 YebesES 512M R42,1 TorunPL1G LP / 10G R34,9 OnsalaSE1.5G VLAN34,2 MetsahoviFI10G R32,7 MedicinaIT1G LP29,7 Jodrell BankUK2x 1G LP18,6 EffelsbergDE10G VLAN13,5 WSRTNL2x 1G CWDM0,57 Network Overview

18. Network overview

19. JIVE Network Setup

20. The 1Gb/s speedbump VLBI (tape based) comes in fixed speeds, power of 2: 128Mb/s, 256Mb/s, 512Mb/s - and 1024Mb/s 1024Mb/s > 1Gb/s! (with headers it’s more like 1030) Dropping packets works but is sub-optimal Dropping ‘tracks’ to <1Gb/s: Takes a LOT of CPU work Lightpaths come in ‘quanta’ of 150Mb/s, but Ethernet doesn’t

21. The Trouble with Trunking Standard trunking: LACP (802.3ad) Uses a hash of source/destination MAC, IP and/or Port to choose outgoing port This is to prevent re-ordering A single TCP/UDP stream will use only 1 link member! Recent Linux kernels come with bonding, ‘ifenslave’ Round Robin traffic distribution Keep both halves in separate VLANS/Lightpaths as switches in between only speak LACP “Do NOT cross the streams!”

22. CWDM from WSRT to JIVE Much cheaper than upgrading to 10Gb/s

23. All the colours of the rainbow...... and then some. SX: 850nm 1610nm LX: 1310nm ZX: 1550nm 1470nm 1550nm 1510nm 1570nm

24. Timing is everything Originating network interface often has more bandwidth than the end-to-end network path Example: 1Gb/s interface, 622 Mb/s lightpath Trying to send 520 Mb/s for e-VLBI - should fit... Ethernet either sends at 1Gb/s, or 0 Gb/s Linux timer interrupt: 250Hz (2.6) or100Hz (2.4) Data will be sent as bursts: 4ms at 1Gb/s is 512kB Buffer space at choke-point is limited, so packets get dropped when queue fills up

25. Timing is everything Linux timer interrupt, even at 1000Hz, is too slow Use a CPU to run a calibrated delay at full speed And mount a big cooling fan Good packet spacing - problem solved? A real-time problem requires a real-time kernel High-resolution nanosleep( ) in 2.6.17 and beyond Available by default in e.g. Debian Lenny (2.6.26) Sleeping instead of spinning CPU-core load from 99% to 5% - much greener!

26. Multicast - it’s not just for video MERLIN - Multi Element Radio Linked Interferometer 6 UK telescopes, connected at 128Mb/s Up to 4 recorded on one server Disk: copy the disks upon arrival e-VLBI: network to copy data Using a span/mirror port (ugly hack) Multicast 512Mb/s UDP stream Needs hardware multicast support in switch/router Now in regular production use: ‘Merlincast’

27. The Elliptical Robin Jodrell Bank ‘home’ telescope: full 1024 Mb/s 2 lightpaths to JIVE, 1Gb/s each Use ethernet bonding (‘Round Robin’) - distribute the packets over 2 links No room left over for 512 Mb/s Merlincast? 8 line changes to.../drivers/net/bonding/bond_main.c # modprobe bonding skew=4 5 packets on first interface, then 1 on the other

28. e-VLBI today ToO observation of Cygnus X-3 outburst 3 observation epochs (May 23rd, June 10th, July 4th) Observations at K-band (1cm, 22GHz) Telescopes from Australia, Japan and Europe

29. e-VLBI today ToO observation of Cygnus X-3 outburst 3 observation epochs (May 23rd, June 10th, July 4th) Observations at K-band (1cm, 22GHz) Telescopes from Australia, Japan and Europe

30. Future e-VLBI More bandwidth increases sensitivity (by √B) Current correlator limited to 1024Mb/s (per station) Researching software correlators, GPUs Researching FPGA based correlators (64 Gb/s /st) New telescope backends More telescopes increases image accuracy Current correlator limited to 16 stations N * (N - 1) / 2 baselines FPGA based design targetting 32 stations

31. Questions?