1. Done by: Liau Yuan Wei (3A317) Friday, October 16, 2015Done by: Liau Yuan Wei1

2. Content  Refracting telescope  Light microscope  Spectacles  Cameras  Binoculars Friday, October 16, 2015Done by: Liau Yuan Wei2

3. Friday, October 16, 2015Done by: Liau Yuan Wei3

4. Origin  Refractors were the earliest type of optical telescope.  It emerged in 1608 in Europe, and 3 people were credited  They were Zacharias Janssen, Hans Lippershey and Jacob Adriaanszoon. Friday, October 16, 2015Done by: Liau Yuan Wei4 A picture of Zacharias Janssen. A painting of Hans Lippershey. Both images taken from: http://www.aps. org/publication s/apsnews/200 403/history.cfm

5. Origin cont.  Galileo Galilei learned about the discovery in Venice.  He created and modified it to a better version to see the moons & planets.  He presented his version to the public, which was pleased with it. Friday, October 16, 2015Done by: Liau Yuan Wei5 Image taken from: http://perraj.wordpress.c om/2009/05/

6. A Picture of Refracting Telescope Friday, October 16, 2015Done by: Liau Yuan Wei6 Objective lens EyepieceFocal point Image Eye Image taken from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kepschem.png http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kepschem.png

7. Description  1 and 2 are used to gather more light than the human eye, focus it on 5, and present the viewer with a brighter, clearer, and magnified virtual image.  The objective lens refracts light. This refraction causes parallel light rays to converge at a focal point. Friday, October 16, 2015Done by: Liau Yuan Wei7

8. Because the image is formed by the bending of light, or refraction, these telescopes are called refracting telescopes Friday, October 16, 2015Done by: Liau Yuan Wei8 This clearly show the difference between a reflecting & refracting telescope. Image taken from: http://csep10.ph ys.utk.edu/astr1 62/lect/light/refr acting.html http://csep10.ph ys.utk.edu/astr1 62/lect/light/refr acting.html

9. Image taken from: http://visual.merriam- webster.com/astronomy/astrono mical-observation/refracting- telescope/refracting- telescope.php http://visual.merriam- webster.com/astronomy/astrono mical-observation/refracting- telescope/refracting- telescope.php A picture of parts of the telescope. Friday, October 16, 2015Done by: Liau Yuan Wei9

10. Image taken from: http://www.antonine- education.co.uk/Physics_A2/opti ons/Module_5A/Topic_1/topic_1 _lenses_and__refracting_t.htm http://www.antonine- education.co.uk/Physics_A2/opti ons/Module_5A/Topic_1/topic_1 _lenses_and__refracting_t.htm A picture describing how light moves in a refracting telescope. Friday, October 16, 2015Done by: Liau Yuan Wei10

11. Friday, October 16, 2015Done by: Liau Yuan Wei11

12. Origin  Came from the discovery of lenses.  In 1590, Zaccharias Janssen and his son Hans, created the microscope while experimenting with lenses in a tube.  In 1609, Galileo, heard of it, and made a better instrument with a focusing device. Friday, October 16, 2015Done by: Liau Yuan Wei12

13. Origin cont.  Anton van Leeuwenhoek taught himself new methods for polishing tiny lenses of great curvature which gave magnifications up to 270 diameters.  This led to the creation of microscope and his biological discoveries. Friday, October 16, 2015Done by: Liau Yuan Wei13 Image taken from: http://www.newworldencyclop edia.org/entry/Anton_van_Le euwenhoek

14. A picture of Refraction in Light Microscope Friday, October 16, 201514Done by: Liau Yuan Wei Here, refraction occur.

15. Image taken from: http://homepages.gac.edu/~cella b/chpts/chpt1/figure1-3.html http://homepages.gac.edu/~cella b/chpts/chpt1/figure1-3.html Yet another picture showing refraction. Friday, October 16, 2015Done by: Liau Yuan Wei15 Refraction occurs here.

16. A Complex Image of the Optical Path Friday, October 16, 201516Done by: Liau Yuan Wei

17. Description  The objective lens is a lens with a very short focal length.  This is brought very close to the specimen being examined so that the light from the specimen comes to a focus.  This creates an enlarged image of the subject. Friday, October 16, 2015Done by: Liau Yuan Wei17

18. The image is formed by the bending of light, or refraction, at the point where light bends to meet each other to form the image using lens. Friday, October 16, 2015Done by: Liau Yuan Wei18

19. Image taken from: http://crescentok.com/staff/jaske w/ISR/equip/equip4.htm http://crescentok.com/staff/jaske w/ISR/equip/equip4.htm A picture showing the parts of a light microscope. Friday, October 16, 2015Done by: Liau Yuan Wei19

20. Friday, October 16, 2015Done by: Liau Yuan Wei20

21. Origin  There are many claims to whom it was first invented, but they generally agreed that it was from 1200-1499.  At 1500-1899, the first significant advance in frame design occurred with lenses fixed to a rigid bridge, allowing them to stay in place. Friday, October 16, 2015Done by: Liau Yuan Wei21

22. A Simple Diagram of Spectacles Friday, October 16, 2015Done by: Liau Yuan Wei22 Eye (Not shown) Spectacle Lens Image here is clearer and sharper.

23. Description  When light shine into the eye, the spectacle lens refracts the light inwards to meet at the back of the eye, giving a clearer and sharper view.  Without it, users would see images blurred as the image do not meet at the back of the eye. Friday, October 16, 2015Done by: Liau Yuan Wei23

24. The image is formed by the bending of light, or refraction, at the point where light bends to meet each other to form the image using lens on the spectacles. Friday, October 16, 2015Done by: Liau Yuan Wei24

25. Friday, October 16, 2015Done by: Liau Yuan Wei25

26. Origin  The first photograph was taken in 1814 by Nicéphore Niépce using a sliding wooden box camera in Paris.  Cameras were a development of the camera obscura, which uses a pinhole to project an image outside upside- down. Friday, October 16, 2015Done by: Liau Yuan Wei26 Taken from: http://www.boxcameras. com/telepococam.html http://www.boxcameras. com/telepococam.html

27. A diagram of the camera lens Friday, October 16, 2015Done by: Liau Yuan Wei27

28. Taken from: http://www.mir.com.my/rb/photog raphy/hardwares/classics/nikonf 3/f3a.htm http://www.mir.com.my/rb/photog raphy/hardwares/classics/nikonf 3/f3a.htm This shows the path of light in a camera. Notice the light refracts when it enters the camera. Friday, October 16, 2015Done by: Liau Yuan Wei28

29. Taken from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phot ographic_lens http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phot ographic_lens Distinct reflections are visible from the surfaces of different lens elements. Friday, October 16, 2015Done by: Liau Yuan Wei29

30. Description  When a ray of light passes from a less dense to a more dense medium, it slows down.  If it strikes the glass surface at an angle, it is also bent a little, and this is called refraction.  This makes it possible to design a curved piece of glass that will focus a parallel beam of light to a point. Friday, October 16, 2015Done by: Liau Yuan Wei30

31. Description  A photographic lens is an optical lens used in cameras.  They can be thought of as modified pinhole lenses.  They are normally made of four bits of glass.  Chromatic aberration and spherical aberration occur in a one-piece lens. Friday, October 16, 2015Done by: Liau Yuan Wei31

32. Friday, October 16, 2015Done by: Liau Yuan Wei32

33. Origin  Came from invention of telescope.  Galileo got the idea of mounting two of them together and adapted an earlier design to create a magnifying effect.  In the mid-1850s, Ignazio Porro patented a design using two prisms constructed in a Z shape for the image to be better magnified, but has depth. Friday, October 16, 2015Done by: Liau Yuan Wei33 Taken from: http://micro.ma gnet.fsu.edu/o ptics/timeline/p eople/porro.ht ml http://micro.ma gnet.fsu.edu/o ptics/timeline/p eople/porro.ht ml

34. A Diagram of Binoculars Friday, October 16, 2015Done by: Liau Yuan Wei34 Light is refracted here.

35. Taken from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bino culars http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bino culars This shows the path of light in a binoculars. Notice light is refracted when it enters it through the lens. Friday, October 16, 2015Done by: Liau Yuan Wei35 A typical Porro prism binoculars design.

36. Taken from: http://www.nightskyinfo.com/bino culars http://www.nightskyinfo.com/bino culars This shows the optical path of light inside a binoculars. Friday, October 16, 2015Done by: Liau Yuan Wei36 A typical roof-prism binoculars.

37. Description  When light enters it, it is refracted by the objective lens.  It then travels and gets total internally reflected by two prisms.  This enables the image to turn it upside down as when light from a distant object pass through a convex lens, they cross over. Friday, October 16, 2015Done by: Liau Yuan Wei37

38. Description  This turns the upside-down image previously upright for the eye.  Light then travels to the eyepiece lens, again getting refracted into the eye.  The 2 lens help to magnify the image too. Friday, October 16, 2015Done by: Liau Yuan Wei38

39. References  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refracting_te lescope http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refracting_te lescope  http://telescope-for- u.blogspot.com/2007/03/history-and- invention-of-refracting.html http://telescope-for- u.blogspot.com/2007/03/history-and- invention-of-refracting.html  http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/li ght/refracting.html http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/li ght/refracting.html  http://inventors.about.com/od/mstartinve ntions/a/microscope.htm http://inventors.about.com/od/mstartinve ntions/a/microscope.htm Friday, October 16, 2015Done by: Liau Yuan Wei39

40. References  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_Micr oscope http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_Micr oscope  http://www.aaofoundation.org/what/herit age/exhibits/online/spectacles/ http://www.aaofoundation.org/what/herit age/exhibits/online/spectacles/  http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_does_a _camera_lens_work http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_does_a _camera_lens_work  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binoculars http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binoculars  http://www.4u-binoculars.com/how- binoculars-work.html http://www.4u-binoculars.com/how- binoculars-work.html Friday, October 16, 2015Done by: Liau Yuan Wei40

41. References  http://www.binocularsinformation.com/hi story-of-binoculars/ http://www.binocularsinformation.com/hi story-of-binoculars/ Friday, October 16, 2015Done by: Liau Yuan Wei41