1. Natural is best. A horse’s stomach can only hold 2-4 gallons of food at a time, and it takes about 30 minutes to get from there to the small intestine… SO How do you think this will effect how you feed? A human’s stomach can hold up to 4 liters or 1 gallon

2. What's important? Fat Protein Energy (carbohydrates) Vitamins and minerals Fiber Plenty of fresh water

3. General requirements Fat: 8-12% Protein: 8-14% Carbohydrates: 30% Fiber: 50% 6-8 gallons of water a day/1000 lb horse

4. Who needs what? For idle horses or horses in light work (maintenance) generally all of the nutritional requirements can be met with good quality hay and/or pasture. Animals who may need to have grain/pellets supplemented: -Moderate->hard work -Young growing horses -Broodmares in the last trimester -Lactating broodmares

5. General feeding rules Horses need 1-3% of their body weight in food daily. Of that, 50% should come from forages Assuming the hay is good quality, a horse should eat 1 lb of hay for every 100 lbs of body weight Pasture time is always a positive, helps the horse’s digestive tract as closer to how it would in the wild. If that is not an option, small meals through out the day is best

6. What is a forage? Forage is a plant material (mainly plant leaves and stems) eaten by grazing livestock. Historically the term forage has meant only plants eaten by the animal directly from the ground, but it is used more loosely to include similar plant cuts for fodder and carried to the animals, especially as hay or silage. Forage is a plant material (mainly plant leaves and stems) eaten by grazing livestock

7. General rules con’t Don’t work your horse right after eating, give him at least an hour. Don’t feed right after work, give him at least a half hour. However, it is fine to work a horse that has been out eating in the pasture. Watch how your horse eats. Observe. Why do you think this is?

8. Hay Analysis When you get an analysis back, there will be 2 columns of information, one ‘As Sampled’ and ‘Dry Matter. As Sampled= in its natural state, with water included. Dry Matter= nutrients with the water removed Either can be used for balancing, but its very important to stay consistent and use the same one always!

9. Key terms Moisture: Optimum between 10-17% Lower can be too dry, making it brittle and dusty. Over makes mold more likely. Over 25% is a fire hazard Dry Matter: How much of the sample is left after the water (moisture) is removed. Crude Protein: A measure of the protein concentration of the hay. CP can range from 8-14% in grass hays, 14- 17 % in mixed hays and 15- >20% in legume hays.

10. Key terms con’t Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF): composed of cellulose, lignin and other poorly digested components. The lower the ADF value, the more digestible the nutrients in the hay are. 30-35% are normal, above 45% is of little nutritional value. Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF): Measures the insoluble fibers (including hemicellulose, cellulose, ligno-cellulose and lignin) These are classified as cell walls or structural carbohydrates, they give the plant structure. Higher the NDF, the less the horse will consume. Between 40-50 are fine, above 65 will not be palatable.

11. Relative Feed Value (RFV) Used for selecting dairy hay Score of 100 is normal The higher the score the better Not generally used when balancing a horse’s ration but still a good indicator of high quality hay

12. Key Terms con’t Fat (Crude fat): A measurement of fat content. Fat is an energy dense nutrient and contains about 2.5 times the energy found in carbohydrates. Fats are added to boost energy levels. Non-fiber Carbohydrate (NFC): a mathematical estimate of starches and sugars. Not also dead on but good indicator of the levels of starches and sugars.

13. Key terms con’t Equine Digestible energy (DE): Measure of the digestible energy in the hay. Used to balance the energy portion of a diet. Light working horse; 20 Mcal/day. Most hays range from 0.76 to 0.92 Mcal/lb of DE Equine Total Digestible Nutrients (Equine TDN): This is a measure of the total digestible nutrients in the hay OR its energy value; it may be used in the place of DE or in addition to DE. Can range from 40-55%

14. Reading a forage analysis Using the terms you have just learned, write a paragraph about the sample analysis you have been assigned. This paragraph will be expanded next class when we learn more of how to translate an analysis.